BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM I – Autonomic Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system is more restricted in its distribution?

  • Parasympathetic nervous system (correct)
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Cranial outflow
  • Sacral outflow
  • Which type of fibers are part of the parasympathetic nervous system's general functions?

  • Preganglionic fibers (correct)
  • Prevertebral ganglia fibers
  • Paravertebral ganglia fibers
  • Celiac ganglion fibers
  • Where do the sacral outflow fibers provide innervation according to the text?

  • Head and visceral cavities
  • External genitalia
  • Descending colon and rectum (correct)
  • Thoracic viscera and gastrointestinal tract
  • From where does Neuron #1 of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

    <p>Brain stem or sacral spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are NOT reached by the parasympathetic nervous system according to the text?

    <p>Body wall and limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is produced and released by Neuron #2 in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do preganglionic fibers synapse in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Prevertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for providing sympathetic innervation to the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Mesenteric ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglia are primarily involved in the innervation of the abdominal organs?

    <p>Celiac ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia located?

    <p>Paravertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglia are found anterior to the vertebral bodies in the abdomen?

    <p>Prevertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the preganglionic fibers located before they synapse in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Alongside the prevertebral ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in relation to the bronchiolar diameter?

    <p>Constricting the bronchiolar diameter when oxygen demand decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the nervous system is responsible for controlling the heart or myocardium?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Dilation of blood vessels in the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the parasympathetic nervous system play in vision?

    <p>Causing constriction of the pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system activity is crucial for digestion and nutrient absorption?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of genital function is regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Erection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nematode causing onchocerciasis is transmitted to humans through the bite of blackflies?

    <p>Onchocerca volvulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Onchocerca volvulus infection?

    <p>Visual impairment and blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Onchocerca volvulus infection diagnosed?

    <p>Blood smear examination for microfilariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting Onchocerca volvulus in endemic regions?

    <p>Blackflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the study of helminths like Onchocerca volvulus?

    <p>Parasitology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the Latin word 'nemat' in 'nematodes'?

    <p>Thread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of a nematode's body contains the mouth with labial structures and denticles on the inner lips?

    <p>Head Region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the process where nematodes shed their outer cuticle to accommodate growth?

    <p>Ecdysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nematodes, what structures might be present along the body, including ridges, rings, or bristles?

    <p>Body Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in nematodes has openings at both ends of the digestive tract?

    <p>Digestive System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature found at the tip of a nematode's tail region?

    <p>'Caudal Gland'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of Onchocerca volvulus adults?

    <p>8-15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site is common for the migration of unsheathed microfilariae in Onchocerca volvulus infection?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of skin nodules in Onchocerca volvulus infection?

    <p>Painless and firm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus infection confirmed from eye infections?

    <p>Slit-lamp exam for microfilariae or lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a skin snip test in diagnosing Onchocerca volvulus infection?

    <p>To detect microfilariae under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lecture in the content provides an introduction to Helminths?

    <p>Introduction to Helminths (Nematodes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of Trichuris trichiura adults?

    <p>1 year 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with a light burden of Trichuris trichiura?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many eggs per day can one female Trichuris trichiura worm produce?

    <p>5,000 eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of transmission for Trichuris trichiura?

    <p>Foodborne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is mainly affected by heavy Trichuris trichiura infestation?

    <p>Colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Trichuris trichiura infection be diagnosed?

    <p>Fecal smear for eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Ascaris lumbricoides adults?

    <p>Tapering at both ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Strongyloides stercoralis infection?

    <p>Dry Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hookworm larvae primarily penetrate the host's skin?

    <p>Direct skin penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which helminth causes an intestinal inflammation that can extend to both small and large intestines?

    <p>Trichuris trichiura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do threadworms (Necator americanus) primarily enter the human host?

    <p>Penetration through the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Trichuris trichiura adults from other helminths mentioned in the content?

    <p>Presence of an undulating membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom that may occur during the larval migration of Ascaris lumbricoides?

    <p>Wheezing and shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is considered the gold-standard for detecting Ascaris lumbricoides infection?

    <p>Detection of knobby-coated eggs in stool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Trichuris trichiura most commonly found in terms of age groups?

    <p>Children aged 2-9 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Trichuris trichiura eggs that allows them to survive up to 5 years in soil?

    <p>Thick, rough outer shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is more likely to be triggered by a febrile illness in individuals with Ascaris lumbricoides heavy burden infection?

    <p>Abdominal pain and malabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region does Trichuris trichiura have a higher incidence, similar to Ascaris lumbricoides?

    <p>Areas with poor sanitation practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

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