Neuroimaging Techniques and Brain Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

Which planes of section can separate the brain into left and right parts?

  • Horizontal
  • Coronal
  • Sagittal (correct)
  • Axial

    • What makes a typical CT scan particularly useful for head trauma?

  • It provides high-resolution images
  • It differentiates various tissue densities (correct)
  • It uses magnetic fields
  • It is non-invasive

    • Which of the following Hounsfield units of density is incorrectly matched with the associated material in a CT scan?

  • Blood: 10 (correct)
  • Air: -800
  • Fat: -80
  • Bone: 1200

    • In MRI scanning, why is the change in proton spin important?

    <p>It creates detailed images based on tissue relaxation properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is contrast material typically introduced in contrast-enhanced CT scans?

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    What is the primary purpose of BOLD fMRI in studying the brain?

    <p>To detect changes in blood flow by changes in image intensity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which relaxation measurement in MRI is best for imaging contrast enhancement?

    <p>T2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin differ in the context of MRI imaging?

    <p>They differ magnetically, affecting MRI image contrast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scan is typically used to provide the best resolution in MRI imaging?

    <p>T1 imaging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is studied for its role in language processing using BOLD fMRI?

    <p>Broca's and Wernicke's areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system includes the spinal cord?

    <p>Central Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structures are part of the brainstem?

    <p>Midbrain, pons, and medulla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides functional views of the nervous system?

    <p>PET (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of cell involved in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Glial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes directions and planes of dissection in neuroanatomy?

    <p>Orientations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Neuroanatomy in the course modules?

    <p>Regional neuroanatomy and pathways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the remediation opportunity for Exam ONE in the course?

    <p>Up to 75% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the news and announcements for the course posted?

    <p>On the Moodle News Forum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

    <p>Uptake of extra-cellular potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily involved in axonal retrograde transport?

    <p>Dynein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glial cell is responsible for central nervous system myelination?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glial cells are responsible for forming the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Astrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microglia in the central nervous system?

    <p>Acting as resident phagocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoskeletal component is mainly involved in axonal transport?

    <p>Microtubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with the loss of myelin in the central nervous system?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures are neurofilaments part of in neurons?

    <p>Architectural cytoskeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the MRI scan suggest about the peri-ventricular white matter?

    <p>It suggests multiple sclerosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change observed in the patient's condition 2 years after an uneventful pregnancy?

    <p>She experienced an abrupt loss of vision in her right eye. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom did the patient develop at age 34 that was most noticeable during certain actions?

    <p>Tremor when attempting to pick things up. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of field deficit persisted in the patient after her vision improved?

    <p>Small visual field deficit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining technique indicates compromised spinal tracts in multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Myelin stain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition developed in the patient alongside diminished tremor the following year?

    <p>Dysarthria and episodes of diplopia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of plaques in multiple sclerosis according to the description?

    <p>Gray, gelatinous discoloration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the variable signs and symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients?

    <p>Random distribution of plaques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a neuron is primarily involved in initiating action potentials?

    <p>Axon hillock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

    <p>Creating ion concentration gradients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons does the morphology term 'pyramidal' refer to?

    <p>Multipolar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for the transport of vesicular neurotransmitter?

    <p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion channel type is directly involved in neurotransmitter release?

    <p>Calcium channel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the smooth ER in neurons?

    <p>Modification and packaging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Nodes of Ranvier essential for in neuronal axons?

    <p>Saltatory conduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ionotropic receptors function in neurons?

    <p>They act as ion channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuronal structure is described as containing vesicular NT?

    <p>Axon terminal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport component is primarily responsible for transporting synthesized proteins?

    <p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do autonomic nerves play in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Regulate involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In neural imaging, what does a Hounsfield unit of -800 correspond to?

    <p>Air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane of section divides the body into superior and inferior parts?

    <p>Axial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the two coils used in MRI scanning?

    <p>To change and detect proton spin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which orientation term is often synonymous with 'rostral' when referring to brain structures?

    <p>Anterior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    The network of nerves outside the CNS, connecting limbs and organs.

    Anatomical Imaging Techniques

    Methods to visualize the structure of the body, such as MRI and CT scans.

    Functional Imaging Techniques

    Techniques like PET and f-MRI that measure brain activity.

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    Neurons

    The fundamental units of the nervous system that transmit information via electrical impulses.

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    Glial Cells

    Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

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    Neuroanatomy

    The study of the structure of the nervous system.

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    Multiple Sclerosis

    A disease affecting the CNS where the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerves.

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    T1 Relaxation

    Vertical spin relaxation time in MRI, best for resolution.

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    T2 Relaxation

    Horizontal spin relaxation time in MRI, best for contrast.

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    BOLD fMRI

    Technique measuring brain activity based on blood oxygen levels.

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    Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

    Imaging technique using radioactively tagged substances to visualize brain activity.

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    Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

    Brain structure involved in vision processing, connecting to the occipital lobe.

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    Peripheral Nervous System

    Part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including spinal and autonomic nerves.

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    Planes of Orientation

    Used to describe locations in the body: anterior vs posterior, rostral vs caudal, superior vs inferior.

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    Sagittal Plane

    A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts along the midline.

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    Computerized Tomography (CT)

    Imaging technique using X-rays to create detailed images of internal structures from multiple angles.

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    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

    Imaging method that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to visualize internal organs and tissues.

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    SPECT

    Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, a diagnostic imaging technique.

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    Axon Hillock

    The spike initiation zone of a neuron where action potentials are initiated.

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    Dendritic Arbor

    The branching structure of dendrites that receive synaptic inputs.

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    Myelin Sheath

    Insulating layer around axons that increases transmission speed.

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    Neurotransmitters (NT)

    Chemical messengers released at synaptic boutons that transmit signals between neurons.

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    Ion Channels

    Proteins that allow ions to flow across membranes, crucial for electrical signaling.

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    Synaptic Boutons

    The small swelling at the end of an axon terminal that releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

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    Rough ER

    Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis within neurons.

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    Unipolar Neurons

    Neurons with a single process extending from the cell body, often involved in sensory functions.

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    Corticosteroids treatment

    Medications used to reduce inflammation in multiple sclerosis episodes.

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    MRI in multiple sclerosis

    Imaging showing abnormal signals in the brain and spinal cord related to MS.

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    Demyelination

    The loss of myelin sheath around nerves, common in multiple sclerosis.

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    Signs of MS

    Symptoms can include weakness, tremors, and vision issues influenced by plaque distribution.

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    Location of MS plaques

    Areas of gray, gelatinous discoloration in white matter indicating damage.

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    Vision loss in MS

    Abrupt loss of vision can occur in MS patients, often temporary with treatment.

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    Dysarthria and diplopia

    Difficulty speaking and seeing double, symptoms seen in advanced MS.

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    Sexual dimorphism in MS

    Women experience unique symptoms and outcomes in multiple sclerosis, especially post-pregnancy.

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    Neurofilaments

    Intermediate filaments that provide structural support to neurons.

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    Microtubules

    Cylindrical structures made of tubulin that facilitate transport and cell division.

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    Kinesin

    A motor protein responsible for anterograde axonal transport.

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    Dynein

    A motor protein responsible for retrograde axonal transport.

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    Microglia

    Resident immune cells in the CNS, acting as macrophages.

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    Astrocytes

    Glial cells that maintain blood-brain barrier and uptake neurotransmitters.

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    Oligodendrocytes

    CNS glial cells that produce myelin for axonal insulation.

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    Nodes of Ranvier

    Gaps in myelin sheaths that facilitate rapid signal transmission.

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    Study Notes

    Lecture 011425

    • Course Description: Includes lectures, objectives, exams, grading, and the Moodle website.
    • Divisions and Orientation: Discusses the CNS and PNS, along with planes of section.
    • Imaging: Covers anatomical views (MRI, CT) and functional views (PET, fMRI).
    • Cells of the Nervous System: Details neurons and glial cells.
    • Case Study: Features multiple sclerosis.

    Course Information

    • Moodle: Information about the META COURSE for all course listings (lectures and labs). Specific course details (BIOL 4460/5560 01/PT 5502, ОТ 5502 01 02, BIOL 4415L/5515L). Spring 2025.
    • Syllabus: Includes course description and links to recorded lectures ("General").
    • News Forum: Announcements about posts and events.
    • Weekly Posts: PowerPoint presentations (PDF) distributed before classes.
    • Objectives: Goals for each module, interactive study guides (best!), vocabulary terms, and relevant concepts for each goal.
    • Laboratories: Objectives and Atlas images for dissections in the second module (supplemental lecture material - Neuroanatomy).
    • Reading Quizzes: Ten quizzes, 50 points each, open-book, due during class time, posted in the syllabus. Missed quizzes can be submitted as student-generated quizzes (50% credit during the module).
    • Examinations: One exam per module, no cumulative final. Remediation opportunity for Exam ONE only up to 75%.

    Course Description (additional)

    • Modules: One exam per module; Covers Neurobiology (neurophysiology and development); Neuroanatomy (regional neuroanatomy and pathways); Systems Neuroscience I (sensory neurobiology and pathways); and Systems Neuroscience II (motor and integrative neurobiology and pathways).
    • Emphases: Mechanisms, Pathways, Pathology, and Case Studies.

    Basic Divisions of Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord.
    • Brainstem: Composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Comprises spinal nerves and autonomic nerves.

    Planes of Section

    • Sagittal: Midline, longitudinal axis.
    • Axial: Horizontal, separates top from bottom.
    • Coronal: Perpendicular to the long axis.

    Neural Imaging

    • Computerized Tomography (CT) Scans: X-ray beams rotated around patient, multiple views ("slices") reveal differing densities (air, blood, bone, brain).
    • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Two types of relaxation measures (T1 and T2) to provide higher resolution and contrast for tissue identification.

    Typical CT scan

    • air: -800 (black)
    • water: 0
    • brain matter: 35
    • bone: 1200 (white)
    • fat: -80
    • CSF: 10
    • blood 75.

    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan

    • Two coils, change proton spin, measure relaxation time (T2, T1).
    • T2 = horizontal spin relaxation
    • T1 = vertical spin relaxation.

    Functional MRI (fMRI)

    • BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent): Measures changes in blood flow to parts of the brain during activity. Detect changes in blood flow by change in image intensity.

    Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

    • Introduce radioactively tagged substances into brain.
    • Detect gamma rays emitted at 180º, measure changes in neuronal activity.
    • Label ligands for studying receptors.

    Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

    • Uses a wider variety of isotopes for studying specific events.
    • Less spatial resolution, more diversity of isotopes.

    Neurons - Functional Morphology

    • Input Zone: Includes apical (distant) and basal (proximal) dendrites, and soma (cell body).
    • Trigger Zone: Axon hillock and initial segment (spike initiation zone).
    • Propagation Zone: Axon, myelin sheath, Nodes of Ranvier, and collateral branches.
    • Output Zone: Axon terminal and synaptic boutons (synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters).

    Types of Neurons - Morphology

    • Unipolar (pseudo-unipolar)
    • Bipolar
    • Multipolar (pyramidal, Purkinje, stellate, granule).

    Neuronal Organelles

    • Plasma membrane: Electrical signaling of neurites.
    • Cytoskeletal elements: Transport, architecture, and signaling.
    • Nucleus: Genetic control center.
    • Rough ER/Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
    • Smooth ER/Golgi: Protein modifications and packaging.
    • Golgi apparatus: Vesicle modifications.
    • Mitochondria: Metabolism.

    Neurophysiology

    • Plasma membrane: Electrical signaling of neurites.
    • Dendritic arbor and spines: Input zone.
    • Axon hillock (Myelinated): Signal integration and conduction.
    • Axonal terminal and synaptic boutons: Output zone.
    • Protein pumps: Sodium-potassium pump, calcium pumps.
    • Ion channels: Non-gated and gated by stimuli.
    • Synaptic proteins: NT release and uptake.
    • Receptor proteins: Ionotropic, metabotropic, and signal transduction.

    Neuronal Transport

    • Nucleus: Codes for messenger RNA.
    • Rough ER: Ribosomal synthesis of proteins.
    • Smooth ER/Golgi: Protein modification and packaging.
    • Microtubules/Neurofilaments: Transports in the cell body and neurites.
    • Transport of organelles, Vesicles, Neurotransmitters, and Enzymes: Movement of these elements within the neuron.
    • Transmitters synthesized in Soma (peptides) or at terminal (e.g., Ach).

    Neurofilaments, Microfilaments, and Microtubules

    • Neurofilaments: Intermediate filaments (10 nm) for structural support.
    • Microfilaments: Small filaments (3-5 nm) involved in cell-cell signaling.
    • Microtubules: Scaffold filaments (axonal transport, cell division), comprised of a/β tubulin polymers, and dependent on GTP. MAPs (microtubule associated proteins) regulate polymerization (e.g., MAP2, tau).

    Axonal Trafficking

    • Microtubule-based motors: Anterograde (kinesin) and retrograde (dynein) transport along microtubules.

    Glial Cells

    • Microglia: Resident macrophages, phagocyte for responses to injury/infection, and scavenging debris.
    • Macroglia (CNS): Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes; (PNS): Schwann cells.
    • Astrocytes: Most numerous glial cells, uptake extracellular potassium and released neurotransmitters, contribute to the blood-brain barrier, and modulate neuronal activity.
    • Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells: Produce myelin, enabling saltatory conduction, structural support for CNS parenchyma and neuronal migration during development.
    • Gliosis: Reactive proliferation of glial cells.

    Glial Cell Tumors

    • astrocytoma
    • glioblastoma multiforme
    • oligodendrocytoma
    • ependymoma
    • schwannoma

    Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis

    • 28-year-old woman showed weakness, numbness, and sensory issues in left leg.
    • MRI scans showed abnormal signals in the peri-ventricular white matter and spinal cord, suggestive of demyelination.
    • Initial recovery, later vision loss in right eye treated with corticosteroids.
    • Developed tremor and dysarthria, transient episodes of double vision.
    • Various stages and symptoms illustrated different progression patterns.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 011425 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts in neuroimaging, focusing on CT and MRI techniques, their applications, and the anatomy of the brain related to these imaging modalities. Test your knowledge on how these scans are utilized in studying brain functions and structures, as well as the differences in imaging techniques.

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