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Questions and Answers
Spinal nerves carry sensory information into the spinal cord.
Spinal nerves carry sensory information into the spinal cord.
True
The dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of motor neurons.
The dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of motor neurons.
False
The ventral horn contains cell bodies of motor neurons.
The ventral horn contains cell bodies of motor neurons.
True
White matter consists of collections of nerve cell bodies.
White matter consists of collections of nerve cell bodies.
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Ascending tracts carry sensory information to the brain from the body.
Ascending tracts carry sensory information to the brain from the body.
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The optic nerve is responsible for the sense of smell.
The optic nerve is responsible for the sense of smell.
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The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory input to the face and scalp.
The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory input to the face and scalp.
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The vestibulocochlear nerve is involved in the sense of hearing and equilibrium.
The vestibulocochlear nerve is involved in the sense of hearing and equilibrium.
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The vagus nerve is not involved in taste sensation.
The vagus nerve is not involved in taste sensation.
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The cerebral cortex contains 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system.
The cerebral cortex contains 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system.
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The diencephalon includes the thalamus and cerebellum.
The diencephalon includes the thalamus and cerebellum.
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The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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The cerebellum is responsible for relaying sensory information and regulating homeostatic mechanisms.
The cerebellum is responsible for relaying sensory information and regulating homeostatic mechanisms.
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The meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
The meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
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The spinal cord is composed of gray matter and white matter, with the dorsal horn containing motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles.
The spinal cord is composed of gray matter and white matter, with the dorsal horn containing motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles.
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Cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space acts as a shock absorber for the CNS.
Cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space acts as a shock absorber for the CNS.
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Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
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Neurofibrils are fine threads that extend into the nerve supporting them.
Neurofibrils are fine threads that extend into the nerve supporting them.
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Dendrites carry nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Dendrites carry nerve impulses away from the cell body.
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The autonomic nervous system sends information to involuntary muscles and glands.
The autonomic nervous system sends information to involuntary muscles and glands.
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Nissl bodies are also known as rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
Nissl bodies are also known as rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
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Neuroglial cells give structural support to the CNS, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis.
Neuroglial cells give structural support to the CNS, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis.
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The ventral horn contains cell bodies of motor neurons.
The ventral horn contains cell bodies of motor neurons.
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Schwann cells form myelin around small axons in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells form myelin around small axons in the peripheral nervous system
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Oligodendrocytes form myelin within the peripheral nervous system
Oligodendrocytes form myelin within the peripheral nervous system
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Astrocytes are not involved in scar tissue formation after CNS injuries
Astrocytes are not involved in scar tissue formation after CNS injuries
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Resting membrane potential is solely maintained by the unequal distribution of potassium ions
Resting membrane potential is solely maintained by the unequal distribution of potassium ions
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Nerve cells and muscle cells cannot respond to stimuli
Nerve cells and muscle cells cannot respond to stimuli
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Myelinated fibers decelerate the impulse rate through the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier
Myelinated fibers decelerate the impulse rate through the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier
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Synaptic transmission occurs through the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
Synaptic transmission occurs through the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
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The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
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The somatic nervous system sends information to involuntary muscles.
The somatic nervous system sends information to involuntary muscles.
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Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
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The axon carries nerve impulses towards the cell body.
The axon carries nerve impulses towards the cell body.
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Neuroglial cells produce myelin and carry on phagocytosis.
Neuroglial cells produce myelin and carry on phagocytosis.
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The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
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The autonomic nervous system sends information to voluntary muscles.
The autonomic nervous system sends information to voluntary muscles.
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Schwann cells form myelin around both large and small axons in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells form myelin around both large and small axons in the peripheral nervous system
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Astrocytes are not involved in the formation of scar tissue after CNS injuries
Astrocytes are not involved in the formation of scar tissue after CNS injuries
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Oligodendrocytes form myelin within the peripheral nervous system
Oligodendrocytes form myelin within the peripheral nervous system
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Neuroglial cells are solely responsible for the propagation of action potentials along a nerve fiber
Neuroglial cells are solely responsible for the propagation of action potentials along a nerve fiber
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The resting membrane potential is solely maintained by the unequal distribution of sodium ions
The resting membrane potential is solely maintained by the unequal distribution of sodium ions
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Nerve impulses propagate action potentials along a nerve fiber, with unmyelinated fibers accelerating the impulse rate through the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier
Nerve impulses propagate action potentials along a nerve fiber, with unmyelinated fibers accelerating the impulse rate through the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier
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Synaptic transmission occurs through the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic vesicles
Synaptic transmission occurs through the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic vesicles
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Schwann cells form myelin around smaller axons in the peripheral nervous system without multiple layers.
Schwann cells form myelin around smaller axons in the peripheral nervous system without multiple layers.
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Astrocytes are responsible for phagocytosis of bacterial cells and cellular debris.
Astrocytes are responsible for phagocytosis of bacterial cells and cellular debris.
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Oligodendrocytes form myelin within the peripheral nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes form myelin within the peripheral nervous system.
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Ependymal cells provide structural support and remove cellular debris in the CNS.
Ependymal cells provide structural support and remove cellular debris in the CNS.
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Neurons can only be classified based on their function, not their structure.
Neurons can only be classified based on their function, not their structure.
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Resting membrane potential is primarily maintained by equal distribution of ions and specific ion channels.
Resting membrane potential is primarily maintained by equal distribution of ions and specific ion channels.
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Nerve impulses propagate action potentials along a nerve fiber, with myelinated fibers slowing down the impulse rate.
Nerve impulses propagate action potentials along a nerve fiber, with myelinated fibers slowing down the impulse rate.
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Study Notes
Neuroanatomy and Brain Function Summary
- Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and monoamines are broken down by specific enzymes.
- Synaptic potentials are graded and can be excitatory (depolarization) or inhibitory (hyperpolarization).
- The cerebral cortex is the outer surface of the brain and contains 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system.
- The brain has four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital, each responsible for different functions such as movement, sensation, and vision.
- The diencephalon, which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, is critical for relaying sensory information and regulating homeostatic mechanisms.
- The brainstem, consisting of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, connects the brain with the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate and breathing.
- The cerebellum coordinates muscle contractions and maintains posture.
- The meninges, protective membranes of the CNS, consist of the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, and are crucial for protecting the brain and spinal cord.
- The spinal cord is composed of gray matter and white matter, with the ventral horn containing motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles.
- Injuries to the meninges, such as epidural or subdural hematomas, can result from head trauma.
- Cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space acts as a shock absorber for the CNS.
- The brain is divided into functional regions including motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas, each responsible for specific functions such as voluntary motor function and memory.
Neuroglia and Neuron Function Summary
- Schwann cells surround large axons in the peripheral nervous system and form myelin, while smaller axons are unmyelinated and enclosed in Schwann cells without multiple layers.
- Astrocytes provide structural support and remove cellular debris, contributing to scar tissue formation after CNS injuries.
- Oligodendrocytes form myelin within the CNS.
- Microglia are responsible for phagocytosis of bacterial cells and cellular debris.
- Ependymal cells line the ventricle chambers of the brain.
- Neurons are classified based on structure (bipolar, unipolar, multipolar) and function (sensory, interneurons, motor).
- Resting membrane potential is the measurable difference in charge across a neuron's membrane, maintained by unequal distribution of ions and specific ion channels.
- Resting membrane potential is established and maintained by unequal permeability for sodium and potassium, and active transport pumping ratio of 3:2 for sodium and potassium ions.
- Nerve cells and muscle cells exhibit excitability and can respond to stimuli, with changes in resting potential causing hyperpolarization or depolarization.
- Threshold stimuli lead to the generation of an action potential, with events including the opening of gated Na+ channels, Na+ diffusion, and repolarization through K+ diffusion.
- Nerve impulses propagate action potentials along a nerve fiber, with myelinated fibers accelerating the impulse rate through the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier.
- Synapses are junctions between neurons, where synaptic transmission occurs through the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles and their attachment to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
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Description
Test your knowledge of neuroglia and neuron function with this summary quiz. Explore the roles of Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells, as well as the classification of neurons based on structure and function. Dive into the resting membrane potential, excitability of nerve and muscle cells, generation and propagation of action potentials, and synaptic transmission.
