24 Questions
Match the following nervous system components with their descriptions:
Central Nervous System (CNS) = Nervous tissue found making up the brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System = Nervous tissue coming off of the CNS – Nerves Somatic Nervous System = Sending information to voluntary muscle Autonomic Nervous System = Sending information to involuntary muscles & glands
Match the following nervous system functions with their descriptions:
Sensory functions = Sensory receptors continuously monitoring internal & external environment, and relaying this information to CNS for interpretation Integrative = Bringing sensory information together for perception of sensations Motor functions = Consciously and subconsciously sending impulses to effectors (muscle cells of glands) Nerve Tissue = Made up of two types of cells: Neurons and Neuroglial cells
Match the following nervous system cell components with their descriptions:
Neurons = The structural and functional units of the nervous system, reacting to changes in the environment or body, and conducting impulses to other neurons and cells outside the CNS Cell body = Contains most of the organelles of other cells, with neurofibrils and Nissl bodies (RER) also seen here Dendrites = Fibers of neurons carrying nerve impulses (action potentials) towards the cell body Axon = Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body, can branch at its terminal end and contact numerous other cells
Match the following neuroglial cell functions with their descriptions:
Structural support to CNS = Providing support and structure to the central nervous system Produce myelin = Generating the myelin sheath around axons, insulating and speeding up nerve impulse conduction Carry on phagocytosis = Engaging in the process of engulfing and digesting cellular debris and pathogens Neurofibrils = Fine threads extending into the nerve, providing support
Match the following brain structures with their functions:
Cerebral cortex = Contains 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system Brainstem = Connects the brain with the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate and breathing Cerebellum = Coordinates muscle contractions and maintains posture Diencephalon = Critical for relaying sensory information and regulating homeostatic mechanisms
Match the following components of the meninges with their descriptions:
Dura mater = Protective membrane of the CNS Arachnoid = Protective membrane of the CNS Pia mater = Protective membrane of the CNS Meninges = Crucial for protecting the brain and spinal cord
Match the following neurotransmitters with their breakdown enzymes:
Acetylcholine = Broken down by specific enzymes Monoamines = Broken down by specific enzymes Serotonin = Broken down by specific enzymes Dopamine = Broken down by specific enzymes
Match the following types of synaptic potentials with their effects:
Excitatory = Causes depolarization Inhibitory = Causes hyperpolarization Graded potentials = Can be excitatory or inhibitory Synaptic potentials = Can be excitatory or inhibitory
Match the following lobes of the brain with their primary functions:
Frontal lobe = Responsible for movement Parietal lobe = Responsible for sensation Temporal lobe = Responsible for vision Occipital lobe = Responsible for vision
Match the following spinal cord components with their functions:
Gray matter = Component of the spinal cord White matter = Component of the spinal cord Ventral horn = Contains motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles Spinal cord = Composed of gray matter and white matter
Match the following brain functional regions with their responsibilities:
Motor areas = Responsible for voluntary motor function Sensory areas = Responsible for specific functions such as memory Association areas = Responsible for specific functions such as memory Functional regions = Divisions of the brain into specific responsibilities
Match the following structures with their functions in the spinal cord:
Spinal nerve = Carries impulses into/out of spinal cord Dorsal root = Carries sensory information into spinal cord Dorsal root ganglion = Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons Ventral (anterior) horn = Contains cell bodies of motor neurons
Match the following structures with their functions in the spinal cord:
Ventral root = Carries impulses to skeletal muscles White matter = Bundles of axons which carry impulses to and from the brain Gray matter = Collections of nerve cell bodies
Match the following functions with the corresponding spinal cord tracts:
Carry sensory information to brain from body = Ascending tracts Carry motor information to muscles and glands from brain = Descending tracts Spinal reflexes =
Match the following cranial nerves with their functions:
I Olfactory = Sense of Smell II Optic = Sense of Vision III Oculomotor = Eye muscles. Raises upper eyelid IV Trochlear = Eye muscle
Match the following cranial nerves with their functions:
V Trigeminal = Sensory to face & scalp VI Abducens = Eye muscle VII Facial = Taste buds ant. 2/3 tongue VIII Vestibulocochlear = Sense of hearing & equilibrium
Match the following cranial nerves with their functions:
IX Glossopharyngeal = Taste buds post. 1/3 tongue X Vagus = Taste buds pharynx/epiglottis XI Accessory = Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius XII Hypoglossal = Muscles of tongue
Match the following glial cells with their functions:
Schwann cells = Form myelin in the peripheral nervous system Astrocytes = Provide structural support and remove cellular debris in CNS injuries Oligodendrocytes = Form myelin within the CNS Microglia = Responsible for phagocytosis of bacterial cells and cellular debris
Match the following cell types with their locations in the nervous system:
Ependymal cells = Line the ventricle chambers of the brain Neurons = Can be sensory, interneurons, or motor Schwann cells = Surround large axons in the peripheral nervous system Oligodendrocytes = Form myelin within the CNS
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Resting membrane potential = Measurable difference in charge across a neuron's membrane Excitability = Ability of nerve cells and muscle cells to respond to stimuli Threshold stimuli = Lead to the generation of an action potential Synapses = Junctions between neurons where synaptic transmission occurs
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Resting membrane potential establishment = Unequal permeability for sodium and potassium and active transport pumping ratio of 3:2 for sodium and potassium ions Nerve impulse propagation = Action potentials along a nerve fiber, with myelinated fibers accelerating the impulse rate through the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier Action potential generation = Involves the opening of gated Na+ channels, Na+ diffusion, and repolarization through K+ diffusion Synaptic transmission = Occurs through the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles and their attachment to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
Match the following neuron classifications with their defining characteristics:
Bipolar neurons = Have two processes, one dendrite and one axon Unipolar neurons = Have a single process extending from the cell body Multipolar neurons = Have multiple processes, many dendrites and a single axon Sensory neurons = Transmit sensory information to the central nervous system
Match the following ion channels with their roles in maintaining resting membrane potential:
Sodium channels = Contribute to depolarization during action potential generation Potassium channels = Contribute to repolarization during action potential generation Calcium channels = Play a role in synaptic transmission at the synapses Chloride channels = Contribute to hyperpolarization during action potential generation
Match the following cellular events with their outcomes in nerve and muscle cells:
Hyperpolarization = Results from changes in resting potential Depolarization = Results from changes in resting potential Excitability = Ability to respond to stimuli Action potential = Causes nerve impulses to propagate along a nerve fiber
Study Notes
Neuroglia and Neuron Function Summary
- Schwann cells surround large axons in the peripheral nervous system and form myelin, while smaller axons are unmyelinated and enclosed in Schwann cells without multiple layers.
- Astrocytes provide structural support and remove cellular debris, contributing to scar tissue formation after CNS injuries.
- Oligodendrocytes form myelin within the CNS.
- Microglia are responsible for phagocytosis of bacterial cells and cellular debris.
- Ependymal cells line the ventricle chambers of the brain.
- Neurons are classified based on structure (bipolar, unipolar, multipolar) and function (sensory, interneurons, motor).
- Resting membrane potential is the measurable difference in charge across a neuron's membrane, maintained by unequal distribution of ions and specific ion channels.
- Resting membrane potential is established and maintained by unequal permeability for sodium and potassium, and active transport pumping ratio of 3:2 for sodium and potassium ions.
- Nerve cells and muscle cells exhibit excitability and can respond to stimuli, with changes in resting potential causing hyperpolarization or depolarization.
- Threshold stimuli lead to the generation of an action potential, with events including the opening of gated Na+ channels, Na+ diffusion, and repolarization through K+ diffusion.
- Nerve impulses propagate action potentials along a nerve fiber, with myelinated fibers accelerating the impulse rate through the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier.
- Synapses are junctions between neurons, where synaptic transmission occurs through the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles and their attachment to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
Test your knowledge of neuroglia and neuron function with this summary quiz. Explore the roles of Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells, as well as the classification of neurons based on structure and function. Dive into the resting membrane potential, excitability of nerve and muscle cells, generation and propagation of action potentials, and synaptic transmission.
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