Neuroglia and Neuron Function Quiz

Central Nervous System (CNS) = Nervous tissue found making up the brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System = Nervous tissue coming off of the CNS – Nerves Somatic Nervous System = Sending information to voluntary muscle Autonomic Nervous System = Sending information to involuntary muscles & glands

Sensory functions = Sensory receptors continuously monitoring internal & external environment, and relaying this information to CNS for interpretation Integrative = Bringing sensory information together for perception of sensations Motor functions = Consciously and subconsciously sending impulses to effectors (muscle cells of glands) Nerve Tissue = Made up of two types of cells: Neurons and Neuroglial cells

Neurons = The structural and functional units of the nervous system, reacting to changes in the environment or body, and conducting impulses to other neurons and cells outside the CNS Cell body = Contains most of the organelles of other cells, with neurofibrils and Nissl bodies (RER) also seen here Dendrites = Fibers of neurons carrying nerve impulses (action potentials) towards the cell body Axon = Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body, can branch at its terminal end and contact numerous other cells

<p>Structural support to CNS = Providing support and structure to the central nervous system Produce myelin = Generating the myelin sheath around axons, insulating and speeding up nerve impulse conduction Carry on phagocytosis = Engaging in the process of engulfing and digesting cellular debris and pathogens Neurofibrils = Fine threads extending into the nerve, providing support</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex = Contains 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system Brainstem = Connects the brain with the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate and breathing Cerebellum = Coordinates muscle contractions and maintains posture Diencephalon = Critical for relaying sensory information and regulating homeostatic mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dura mater = Protective membrane of the CNS Arachnoid = Protective membrane of the CNS Pia mater = Protective membrane of the CNS Meninges = Crucial for protecting the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine = Broken down by specific enzymes Monoamines = Broken down by specific enzymes Serotonin = Broken down by specific enzymes Dopamine = Broken down by specific enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excitatory = Causes depolarization Inhibitory = Causes hyperpolarization Graded potentials = Can be excitatory or inhibitory Synaptic potentials = Can be excitatory or inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe = Responsible for movement Parietal lobe = Responsible for sensation Temporal lobe = Responsible for vision Occipital lobe = Responsible for vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray matter = Component of the spinal cord White matter = Component of the spinal cord Ventral horn = Contains motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles Spinal cord = Composed of gray matter and white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor areas = Responsible for voluntary motor function Sensory areas = Responsible for specific functions such as memory Association areas = Responsible for specific functions such as memory Functional regions = Divisions of the brain into specific responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal nerve = Carries impulses into/out of spinal cord Dorsal root = Carries sensory information into spinal cord Dorsal root ganglion = Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons Ventral (anterior) horn = Contains cell bodies of motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<h1>Ventral root = Carries impulses to skeletal muscles White matter = Bundles of axons which carry impulses to and from the brain Gray matter = Collections of nerve cell bodies</h1> Signup and view all the answers

<h1>Carry sensory information to brain from body = Ascending tracts Carry motor information to muscles and glands from brain = Descending tracts Spinal reflexes =</h1> Signup and view all the answers

<p>I Olfactory = Sense of Smell II Optic = Sense of Vision III Oculomotor = Eye muscles. Raises upper eyelid IV Trochlear = Eye muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>V Trigeminal = Sensory to face &amp; scalp VI Abducens = Eye muscle VII Facial = Taste buds ant. 2/3 tongue VIII Vestibulocochlear = Sense of hearing &amp; equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IX Glossopharyngeal = Taste buds post. 1/3 tongue X Vagus = Taste buds pharynx/epiglottis XI Accessory = Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius XII Hypoglossal = Muscles of tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells = Form myelin in the peripheral nervous system Astrocytes = Provide structural support and remove cellular debris in CNS injuries Oligodendrocytes = Form myelin within the CNS Microglia = Responsible for phagocytosis of bacterial cells and cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ependymal cells = Line the ventricle chambers of the brain Neurons = Can be sensory, interneurons, or motor Schwann cells = Surround large axons in the peripheral nervous system Oligodendrocytes = Form myelin within the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resting membrane potential = Measurable difference in charge across a neuron's membrane Excitability = Ability of nerve cells and muscle cells to respond to stimuli Threshold stimuli = Lead to the generation of an action potential Synapses = Junctions between neurons where synaptic transmission occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resting membrane potential establishment = Unequal permeability for sodium and potassium and active transport pumping ratio of 3:2 for sodium and potassium ions Nerve impulse propagation = Action potentials along a nerve fiber, with myelinated fibers accelerating the impulse rate through the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier Action potential generation = Involves the opening of gated Na+ channels, Na+ diffusion, and repolarization through K+ diffusion Synaptic transmission = Occurs through the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles and their attachment to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar neurons = Have two processes, one dendrite and one axon Unipolar neurons = Have a single process extending from the cell body Multipolar neurons = Have multiple processes, many dendrites and a single axon Sensory neurons = Transmit sensory information to the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium channels = Contribute to depolarization during action potential generation Potassium channels = Contribute to repolarization during action potential generation Calcium channels = Play a role in synaptic transmission at the synapses Chloride channels = Contribute to hyperpolarization during action potential generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperpolarization = Results from changes in resting potential Depolarization = Results from changes in resting potential Excitability = Ability to respond to stimuli Action potential = Causes nerve impulses to propagate along a nerve fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers