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Questions and Answers
What is the heritability percentage for visual and hearing impairments?
Which environmental factor increases the risk of suicidal behavior even after controlling for parental psychiatric history and socioeconomic status?
In Neurodevelopmental Disorders, which condition may manifest as resistance to conforming to others' demands?
Which behavior is not typically seen in children with ADHD according to the text?
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What does elevated novelty seeking refer to in terms of neurodevelopmental disorders?
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Which factor is associated with reduced behavioral inhibition in neurodevelopmental disorders?
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Study Notes
ADHD
- Associated with reduced behavioral inhibition, effortful control or constraint, and negative emotionality
- Elevated novelty seeking
- Environmental factors: prenatal exposure to smoking and alcohol increase risk, even after controlling for parental psychiatric history and socioeconomic status
- Genetics: heritability is approximately 74%
Comorbidities
- Visual and hearing impairments
- Metabolic abnormalities
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Association with suicidal thoughts and behavior: increased risk of suicide attempt in adulthood when comorbid with mood, conduct, or substance use disorders
Differential Diagnosis
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: resist work that requires self-application and resist conforming to others' demands
- Intermittent Explosive Disorder: both impulsive, but IED does not typically start during childhood and includes aggression towards others
- Intellectual Disability: can co-occur with inattention and hyperactivity
- Anxiety Disorders: both include inattention, but ADHD does not include rumination
- Depression: both include inattention, but ADHD does not include hopelessness
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Part of abnormal psychology
- Characterized by developmental deficits in brain processes that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning
- Frequently co-occur with one another
Intellectual Development Disorder
- Characterized by developmental deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains
- Criteria:
- Deficits in intellectual functioning: reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning
- Deficits in adaptive functioning: failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility without support
- Onset of deficits during development period
Risk Factors
- Prenatal Etiologies: genetic syndromes, inborn errors of metabolism, brain malformations, maternal disease, environmental influences
- Perinatal Causes: labor and delivery-related events, neonatal encephalopathy, hypoxic ischemic injury, traumatic brain injury, infections, demyelinating disorders, seizure disorders, severe and chronic social deprivations, toxic metabolic syndromes, and intoxications
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Description
Learn about the basics of neurodevelopmental disorders with this quiz, compiled and organized by Louise Danielle F. Cruz. These disorders typically manifest early in development, causing impairments in various areas of functioning. Explore the categorical and dimensional aspects of these disorders.
