Neuroblastoma: Pathogenesis and Characteristics

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What is the role of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

To suppress immune cells from attacking tumor cells

To stimulate the growth of neuroblastoma cells

To inhibit the release of chemokines from tumor cells

To attract immune cells to attack tumor cells (correct)

What is the characteristic of neuroblastoma cells that facilitates metastasis?

High concentration of Schwannian stroma

High concentration of neuropil

High expression of CXCL12 (correct)

High concentration of lymph nodes

What is the role of neuropil in neuroblastoma cells?

It forms a network of nerve fibers surrounding the cells (correct)

It inhibits the growth of tumor cells

It provides structural support to the tumor cells

It aids in the release of CXCL12

Which of the following is a diagnostic biomarker for neuroblastoma?

CXCL12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of immune cells sensing high levels of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

Immune cells create metastatic tumors in lymph nodes, liver, and bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which neuroblastoma cells migrate towards organs?

CXCL12 chemokine release Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of neuroblastoma in the thoracic region?

Breathing difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic biomarker used to measure neuroblastoma?

Urinary homovanillic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment option for neuroblastoma with metastasis?

Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow?

Abnormal RBC, platelets, and WBC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chemokine CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

Migrating cells towards organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

Antibiotics and glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency?

Hypotension leading to shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

Pheochromocytoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of pheochromocytomas that are malignant?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic mutation associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and type 2B?

Mutation in RET gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease that is associated with pheochromocytoma and occurs in eyes, brain, spinal cord, and adrenal gland?

Von Hippel-Lindau disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for primary adrenal insufficiency due to damage of the adrenal cortex?

Addison disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for acute primary adrenal insufficiency due to damage of the adrenal cortex?

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?

Destruction of the adrenal gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

Pheochromocytoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for excessive production of aldosterone?

Hyperaldosteronism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for excessive production of cortisol?

Hypercortisolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Addison disease in high-income countries?

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortical tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of zona glomerulosa destruction in Addison disease?

Aldosterone levels drop Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Addison disease due to electrolyte changes and hypovolemia?

Cravings for salty food Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adrenal cortex destruction on the body?

Hypotension and metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of the adrenal gland responsible for aldosterone production?

Zona glomerulosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

Hypotension leading to shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

Antibiotics and glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

Pheochromocytoma Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of pheochromocytomas are malignant?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic mutation associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and type 2B?

Mutation in RET gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

To secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Neuroblastoma: Pathogenesis and Characteristics

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

What is the characteristic of neuroblastoma cells that facilitates metastasis?

What is the role of neuropil in neuroblastoma cells?

Which of the following is a diagnostic biomarker for neuroblastoma?

What is the outcome of immune cells sensing high levels of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

What is the primary mechanism by which neuroblastoma cells migrate towards organs?

Which of the following is a common symptom of neuroblastoma in the thoracic region?

What is the primary diagnostic biomarker used to measure neuroblastoma?

Which of the following is a treatment option for neuroblastoma with metastasis?

What is the result of neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow?

What is the primary role of chemokine CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

What is the primary treatment for adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

What is the main symptom of adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency?

What is the name of the tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

What is the percentage of pheochromocytomas that are malignant?

What is the genetic mutation associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and type 2B?

What is the name of the disease that is associated with pheochromocytoma and occurs in eyes, brain, spinal cord, and adrenal gland?

What is the term for primary adrenal insufficiency due to damage of the adrenal cortex?

What is the term for acute primary adrenal insufficiency due to damage of the adrenal cortex?

What is the cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?

What is the term for a tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

What is the term for excessive production of aldosterone?

What is the term for excessive production of cortisol?

What is the primary cause of Addison disease in high-income countries?

What is the result of zona glomerulosa destruction in Addison disease?

What is a common symptom of Addison disease due to electrolyte changes and hypovolemia?

What is the effect of adrenal cortex destruction on the body?

What is the layer of the adrenal gland responsible for aldosterone production?

What is the primary symptom of adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

What is the treatment for adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

What is the name of the tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

What percentage of pheochromocytomas are malignant?

What is the genetic mutation associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and type 2B?

What is the primary function of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

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