Neuroblastoma: Pathogenesis and Characteristics

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

  • To suppress immune cells from attacking tumor cells
  • To stimulate the growth of neuroblastoma cells
  • To inhibit the release of chemokines from tumor cells
  • To attract immune cells to attack tumor cells (correct)

What is the characteristic of neuroblastoma cells that facilitates metastasis?

  • High concentration of Schwannian stroma
  • High concentration of neuropil
  • High expression of CXCL12 (correct)
  • High concentration of lymph nodes

What is the role of neuropil in neuroblastoma cells?

  • It forms a network of nerve fibers surrounding the cells (correct)
  • It inhibits the growth of tumor cells
  • It provides structural support to the tumor cells
  • It aids in the release of CXCL12

Which of the following is a diagnostic biomarker for neuroblastoma?

<p>CXCL12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of immune cells sensing high levels of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

<p>Immune cells create metastatic tumors in lymph nodes, liver, and bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which neuroblastoma cells migrate towards organs?

<p>CXCL12 chemokine release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of neuroblastoma in the thoracic region?

<p>Breathing difficulties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic biomarker used to measure neuroblastoma?

<p>Urinary homovanillic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment option for neuroblastoma with metastasis?

<p>Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow?

<p>Abnormal RBC, platelets, and WBC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chemokine CXCL12 in neuroblastoma?

<p>Migrating cells towards organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

<p>Antibiotics and glucocorticoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency?

<p>Hypotension leading to shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

<p>Pheochromocytoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of pheochromocytomas that are malignant?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic mutation associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and type 2B?

<p>Mutation in RET gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease that is associated with pheochromocytoma and occurs in eyes, brain, spinal cord, and adrenal gland?

<p>Von Hippel-Lindau disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for primary adrenal insufficiency due to damage of the adrenal cortex?

<p>Addison disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for acute primary adrenal insufficiency due to damage of the adrenal cortex?

<p>Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?

<p>Destruction of the adrenal gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

<p>Pheochromocytoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for excessive production of aldosterone?

<p>Hyperaldosteronism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for excessive production of cortisol?

<p>Hypercortisolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Addison disease in high-income countries?

<p>Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortical tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of zona glomerulosa destruction in Addison disease?

<p>Aldosterone levels drop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Addison disease due to electrolyte changes and hypovolemia?

<p>Cravings for salty food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adrenal cortex destruction on the body?

<p>Hypotension and metabolic acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the layer of the adrenal gland responsible for aldosterone production?

<p>Zona glomerulosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

<p>Hypotension leading to shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for adrenal crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bacterial infection?

<p>Antibiotics and glucocorticoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tumor that forms when chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla start to divide uncontrollably?

<p>Pheochromocytoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of pheochromocytomas are malignant?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic mutation associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and type 2B?

<p>Mutation in RET gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

<p>To secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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