Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which structures are MOST directly involved in long-distance nerve impulse propagation?
Which structures are MOST directly involved in long-distance nerve impulse propagation?
- Unmyelinated fibers and nerves
- Ganglia and gray matter
- Cell bodies and ganglia
- Nerves and white matter (correct)
What is the PRIMARY distinction between gray matter and white matter in the central nervous system?
What is the PRIMARY distinction between gray matter and white matter in the central nervous system?
- Gray matter is involved in motor control; white matter is involved in sensory processing.
- Gray matter is unmyelinated; white matter is myelinated. (correct)
- Gray matter is myelinated; white matter is unmyelinated.
- Gray matter is composed of nerve fibers; white matter contains neuronal cell bodies.
Within the peripheral nervous system, what is the MAIN function of ganglia?
Within the peripheral nervous system, what is the MAIN function of ganglia?
- To transmit efferent signals directly to the brain.
- To house collections of nerve cell bodies. (correct)
- To provide structural support to nerve fibers.
- To carry only sensory information.
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying BOTH sensory and motor information?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying BOTH sensory and motor information?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between afferent and efferent signals?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between afferent and efferent signals?
What is the primary function of effector nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the primary function of effector nerves in the peripheral nervous system?
Which system primarily controls voluntary actions?
Which system primarily controls voluntary actions?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the 'fight-or-flight' response?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the 'fight-or-flight' response?
What is a primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is a primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
How does the hypothalamus connect the nervous and endocrine systems?
How does the hypothalamus connect the nervous and endocrine systems?
What is the primary function of the brain-blood barrier?
What is the primary function of the brain-blood barrier?
Which of the following best describes the typical flow of information with reference to the terms pre-synaptic and post-synaptic?
Which of the following best describes the typical flow of information with reference to the terms pre-synaptic and post-synaptic?
What is the role of $Ca^{2+}$ ions in the context of the synapse?
What is the role of $Ca^{2+}$ ions in the context of the synapse?
What is the anatomical relationship between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is the anatomical relationship between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
According to the diagram, what membrane voltage is needed to initiate an action potential in the post synaptic neuron?
According to the diagram, what membrane voltage is needed to initiate an action potential in the post synaptic neuron?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for relaying sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for relaying sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex?
The cerebral cortex is primarily composed of which type of matter?
The cerebral cortex is primarily composed of which type of matter?
Which of these brain structures is NOT part of the diencephalon?
Which of these brain structures is NOT part of the diencephalon?
What is the main function of the medulla oblongata?
What is the main function of the medulla oblongata?
Which brain structure is MOST directly involved in the balance needed for smooth coordinated movement?
Which brain structure is MOST directly involved in the balance needed for smooth coordinated movement?
What is the main function of the hippocampus within the limbic system?
What is the main function of the hippocampus within the limbic system?
The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into which two parts?
The longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into which two parts?
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the release of adrenaline in response to fear or anger?
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the release of adrenaline in response to fear or anger?
What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
Which of the following is a component of the brain stem?
Which of the following is a component of the brain stem?
What is the specific name for the membranes that support and protect the brain and spinal cord?
What is the specific name for the membranes that support and protect the brain and spinal cord?
The ventral root of a spinal nerve is primarily composed of what type of fibers?
The ventral root of a spinal nerve is primarily composed of what type of fibers?
Which of these is a function of the hypothalamus?
Which of these is a function of the hypothalamus?
What is the function of the pons?
What is the function of the pons?
Where are ganglia located?
Where are ganglia located?
Flashcards
Synapse
Synapse
A junction between two neurons, where a signal is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord.
Neuroglia
Neuroglia
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Myelin
Myelin
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Afferent Signals
Afferent Signals
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Efferent Signals
Efferent Signals
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Gray Matter
Gray Matter
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White Matter
White Matter
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Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
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What does the somatic nervous system control?
What does the somatic nervous system control?
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What does the autonomic nervous system control?
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
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What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in the nervous system?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the nervous system?
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Meninges
Meninges
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Cerebrum
Cerebrum
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Longitudinal Fissure
Longitudinal Fissure
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Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
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Thalamus
Thalamus
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Brain Stem
Brain Stem
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Midbrain
Midbrain
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Pons
Pons
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Medulla Oblongata
Medulla Oblongata
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Study Notes
Electrochemical Synapse
- Nerve impulse (action potential) reaches the axon terminal.
- Calcium (Ca2+) gated channels open in response to the action potential.
- Influx of Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters (NTs) to fuse with the pre-synaptic neuronal membrane.
- NTs release into the synaptic cleft.
- NTs bind to sodium channels (Na+) on the post-synaptic membrane.
- Opening of Na+ channels causes Na+ to flow into the postsynaptic neuron.
- If enough Na+ flows to cross the threshold barrier of -55mV, then an action potential occurs at the end of the postsynaptic neuron.
The Nervous System
- Two anatomical divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
- Neurons are supported by neuroglial cells in both divisions.
Neuroglial Cells
- Supporting nervous system components are microglial (phagocytosis, immunity), oligodendrocytes (myelin), ependymal (CSF), astrocytes (nutrients, growth & protection, blood-brain barrier).
- Schwann cells (myelin) are in the PNS.
- Satellite cells support cell bodies in the PNS.
Myelin Sheath
- Myelin sheath covers some axons, acting as an insulator.
- Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath.
- In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by Schwann cells.
- In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by oligodendroglial cells.
- Nerve regeneration is limited in the CNS.
Nervous System - Part II
- The brain is three pounds of fatty tissue covered in a web of blood vessels.
Overview of this Section
- Understanding the major regions of the brain.
- Knowing the structure and organization of the spinal cord.
- Describing the somatic reflex arc and identifying parts of the nervous system involved in the reflex arc.
The Brain
- Major regions: Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brain Stem.
- Other components: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland.
Cerebrum - The Most Superficial Part of the Brain
- Two cerebral hemispheres divided by a longitudinal fissure.
Corpus Callosum
- Connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
Gray and White Matter in Brain vs. Spinal Cord
- Gray matter is unmyelinated; white matter is myelinated.
Peripheral Nervous System
- Composed of nerves (bundles of nerve fibers) and ganglia (collections of nerve cell bodies).
Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
- Somatic system (controls skeletal muscles, voluntary movements).
- Autonomic system (controls involuntary processes like cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems).
Somatic System
- Responsible for sensory and motor information.
- Sensory information is carried from sensory receptors to the CNS.
- Motor information is carried to effectors for a response from the CNS.
Autonomic System
- Regulates the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
- Two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- Features in common: function automatically and involuntarily, and innervate all internal organs.
Sympathetic division
- Mediates the "fight or flight" response.
- Increases heart rate, dilates bronchi, and inhibits digestion.
Parasympathetic Division
- Mediates the "rest and digest" response
- Decreases heart rate, promotes digestion
Hypothalamus
- Connects the nervous system and the endocrine system.
- Manufactures hormones that control the pituitary gland
Cerebellum
- Receives sensory and motor input.
- Assures smooth, coordinated movements.
The Limbic System
- Amygdala (fight/flight/fawn): responds to anger, fear, defensiveness, and avoidance. Releases adrenaline.
- Hippocampus: communicates with the prefrontal cortex and supports memory.
Brain Stem
- Midbrain: acts as a relay center between cerebrum and cerebellum; controls reflexes.
- Pons: controls relaxation reflexes, including urination.
- Medulla oblongata: Controls heart rate, breathing, blood pressure swallowing, coughing, and vomiting.
Spinal Cord
- Extends from the base of the brain into the vertebral canal.
- Protected by vertebrae and intervertebral disks.
- Cross-sectional anatomy; a shaped like letter "H."
- Contains dorsal and ventral roots.
- Spinal nerves are part of the PNS.
Ganglia
- Collection of nerve cell bodies.
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