Ch 19-Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders & Anxiety Disorders

<p>Negative symptoms and cognitive alterations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal viral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive and emotional functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It plays a role in neuronal migration during development and synaptic function during adulthood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporal lobes, somatosensory and motor cortices, and dorsolateral cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased dopamine levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alogia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to experience pleasure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased GABA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex interaction between susceptible genes and environmental influences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficit in the concentration of brain norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine receptor alterations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widespread decrease in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor subtype binding in the frontal, temporal, and limbic cortex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exhibiting five or more symptoms from a specific list within a two-week period, with at least one symptom being either depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased interest in pleasurable activities and interpersonal relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the most common mood disorder and the leading cause of disability worldwide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feelings of worthlessness, poor concentration, and decreased appetite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced frontal lobe volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated glucocorticoid secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Augmented secretion of HPA hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficit in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blunted thyroid-stimulating hormone response to TRH challenge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manic episodes and at least one major depressive episode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar II features recurrent major depressive episodes with hypomania, while Bipolar I involves manic episodes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants are effective when they normalize mechanisms responsible for increased HPA hormone secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced goal-directed activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficit of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major Depressive disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher likelihood of developing MDD and suicidal thoughts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prefrontal and limbic brain regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induces immunosuppression, which compromises the body's ability to contain inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tyramine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCAs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have more adverse side effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% to 80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a patient is experiencing mild anxiety symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased volume of the hippocampus and amygdala. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormalities in norepinephrine and serotonin systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive and persistent worrying. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased platelet binding of paroxetine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cingulate cortex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progressive reduction of gray matter, especially in temporal lobes, affecting cognition.

Brain region involved in goal-directed behavior and cognitive problem-solving.

Symptoms like flattened affect and lack of motivation in schizophrenia linked to prefrontal dysfunction.

Symptomatic excesses in schizophrenia, including hallucinations and delusions, often linked to dopamine.

An extracellular protein involved in neuron migration and synaptic function; often reduced in schizophrenia.

Chronic emotional disturbances such as prolonged sadness or mania, affecting daily functioning.

A type of mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness or lack of interest without manic episodes.

A collection of mental illnesses characterized by thought disorders, revealing a disconnect from reality.

A mood disorder marked by alternating episodes of mania and depression.

Schizophrenia is influenced by genetic factors, not a simple inherited trait.

Factors during fetal development, such as maternal viral infections, increase schizophrenia risk.

Underactivation of glutamate receptors is linked to schizophrenia symptoms.

Reduced dopamine activity in mesocortical pathways contributes to negative symptoms and cognitive impairments.

Enlarged lateral and third ventricles are associated with cognitive impairment and negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Smaller thalamus size may disrupt communication between cortical and sensory/motor areas.

Changes in the temporal lobe may be linked to positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

A mood disorder with unremitting sadness, insomnia, and loss of interest.

Five or more symptoms from a list must be present for two weeks.

Includes mood changes, appetite changes, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness.

Imbalance of brain chemicals like norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin causes depression.

The tendency for depression can be influenced by hereditary factors and environment.

Reduced serotonin receptor activity is linked to depressive symptoms.

Alterations in brain structure, such as norepinephrine receptor changes, observed in depressed individuals.

Depression is the most common mood disorder and top cause of disability worldwide.

Symptoms include elevated mood, irritability, and increased activity.

Depression linked to reduced brain monoamines like norepinephrine and serotonin.

Persistently high cortisol levels may trigger depression through immune dysfunction.

Genetic makeup, life stressors, and serotonin dysfunction elevate MDD risk.

Common side effects include sedation, insomnia, and hypertensive crises with tyramine.

Changes in blood flow to prefrontal and limbic areas affect emotional behavior.

Characteristic of mania; individuals may feel excessively confident and powerful.

Stress activates immune system cytokines which may worsen depressive symptoms.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; antidepressants used less often due to side effects.

Electroconvulsive therapy, a treatment for severe depression that alters monoamine systems.

ECT alleviates depressive symptoms in 50% to 80% of patients.

ECT may increase the hippocampus volume, linked to mood and cognition.

A condition marked by excessive and persistent worrying about life events.

Defects in norepinephrine and serotonin systems contribute to GAD.

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and SSRIs effective in treating GAD.

Elevated activity in this region is linked to anticipatory anxiety in GAD.

Reduced size of the frontal lobe found in depressed individuals.

Decreased or asymmetric volume of the temporal lobe linked to bipolar disorder and depression.

Chronic activation leads to increased glucocorticoids in major depression.

Cytokines like IL-1α and TNF-α increase with psychosocial stress, affecting HPA hormones.

Reduction of new hippocampal neuron development identified in stress-induced depression.

Deficit in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels found in models of depression.

Altered in 20%-30% of people with major depressive disorder, affecting hormone levels.