Ch 19-Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders & Anxiety Disorders

Which brain structure's size reduction may disrupt neurotransmission between the cortex and primary sensory and motor areas in individuals with schizophrenia?

What is the primary characteristic described by Eugen Bleuler in 1911 to define schizophrenia?

In individuals with schizophrenia, enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles is often associated with what?

Reduced dopaminergic neurotransmission in the mesocortical dopamine pathway is proposed to result in which type of symptoms in schizophrenia?

Which of the following prenatal factors is believed to contribute to brain abnormalities in schizophrenia?

What is the estimated percentage of the world’s population affected by schizophrenia?

Reduced levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in GABA biosynthesis, are believed to impair which functions in schizophrenia?

Besides dopamine, which neurotransmitter system is implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, particularly through its action on NMDA receptors?

What is the role of Reelin in the context of schizophrenia?

Which brain region is most closely associated with impaired initiation and maintenance of goal-oriented activities and cognitive problem-solving in schizophrenia?

Progressive loss of cortical gray matter in adolescents with early onset schizophrenia is observed in which of the following regions?

Which neurotransmitter imbalance is primarily associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Which of the following is classified as a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Which of the following best describes 'anhedonia' as a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Alterations in which of the following systems are related to depression symptoms?

Which of the following is NOT one of the typical alterations associated with depression?

Which of the following factors is believed to contribute to the development of depression?

According to the monoamine hypothesis, what neurochemical imbalance is associated with depression?

Which neuroanatomic abnormality has been observed in the frontal cortex of some suicide victims?

What changes in serotonin receptors have been found in individuals with depression?

Which criterion is essential for diagnosing major depression according to the DSM criteria??

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with major depressive disorder?

What is the global impact of major depression concerning disability?

Someone says "My mood has been persistently low. My sleep has been disrupted. I also can't seem to derive any enjoyment from my hobbies anymore." What could be some potential symptoms?

Which neuroanatomical change has been observed in individuals with depression?

Chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system in major depression leads to which hormonal imbalance?

What effect do proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-β, TNF-α, and IL-6) have on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during psychosocial stress?

Which neurotrophic factor deficit is associated with stress-induced depression in animal models?

What characterizes the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) system in a subset of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD)?

What is a key diagnostic criterion for Bipolar I disorder, according to the text?

How does Bipolar II disorder differ from Bipolar I disorder?

What is the relationship between antidepressant drugs and HPA hormone secretion in individuals with major depression?

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with a manic episode?

What is a primary neurochemical imbalance associated with depression, according to the monoamine hypothesis?

Elevated levels of cortisol throughout the evening and early morning are MOST indicative of:

An individual with two copies of the 's' allele is MOST likely to exhibit which response when exposed to stress?

Which brain regions are MOST likely to show alterations in blood flow in individuals with depression?

What effect does persistent elevation of cortisol levels have on the immune system function?

MAOIs can induce a hypertensive crisis when combined with foods containing high levels of:

Which medication class poses the MOST dangerous interaction risk when taken with MAOIs?

Why are MAOIs used less often compared to other antidepressants?

What is the approximate success rate of ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) in alleviating depressive symptoms?

Which of the following scenarios is NOT a typical situation where ECT might be considered as a treatment option?

What structural change in the brain has been associated with improved clinical responses after ECT?

What underlying defect is associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD)?

What is the hallmark symptom that defines Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Which of the following is NOT an abnormality found in individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Which brain region's activity is notably associated with anticipatory anxiety in individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?