Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which brain region is activated when feeling physical pain and when a romantic partner is in pain?
Which brain region is activated when feeling physical pain and when a romantic partner is in pain?
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is involved in processing information about both self and others.
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is involved in processing information about both self and others.
False
Which activity is the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex NOT involved in?
Which activity is the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex NOT involved in?
Processing information about others
The _____ medial prefrontal cortex is activated when thinking about others.
The _____ medial prefrontal cortex is activated when thinking about others.
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Match the brain regions with their respective functions:
Match the brain regions with their respective functions:
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What part of the brain was extensively damaged in the case described?
What part of the brain was extensively damaged in the case described?
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The damage to the orbital frontal cortex did not affect the individual's memory or motor skills.
The damage to the orbital frontal cortex did not affect the individual's memory or motor skills.
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List one inappropriate social behavior exhibited due to OFC damage.
List one inappropriate social behavior exhibited due to OFC damage.
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Social isolation results in increased ______ and anxiety.
Social isolation results in increased ______ and anxiety.
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Match the following effects of social isolation with their outcomes:
Match the following effects of social isolation with their outcomes:
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Which factor can impair social development, especially during critical periods?
Which factor can impair social development, especially during critical periods?
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Physical, sexual, or psychological abuse has no impact on social development.
Physical, sexual, or psychological abuse has no impact on social development.
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What neurological changes are associated with impaired social development due to social isolation?
What neurological changes are associated with impaired social development due to social isolation?
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What brain region is primarily associated with the experience and perception of disgust?
What brain region is primarily associated with the experience and perception of disgust?
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Damage to the insula can enhance the ability to feel disgust in others.
Damage to the insula can enhance the ability to feel disgust in others.
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Which type of neurons may facilitate the detection of disgust expressed by others?
Which type of neurons may facilitate the detection of disgust expressed by others?
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The anterior insula and anterior cingulate are activated when observing others in __________.
The anterior insula and anterior cingulate are activated when observing others in __________.
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What effect can electrical stimulation of the insula have?
What effect can electrical stimulation of the insula have?
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Anterior insula activation is only associated with disgusting smells.
Anterior insula activation is only associated with disgusting smells.
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Match the following brain activities with their corresponding situations:
Match the following brain activities with their corresponding situations:
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What effect does damage to the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) have on self-perception?
What effect does damage to the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) have on self-perception?
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Patients with damage to the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) can accurately predict their own likes and dislikes.
Patients with damage to the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) can accurately predict their own likes and dislikes.
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What does the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) simulate when activated?
What does the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) simulate when activated?
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Damage to the ___ frontal cortex impairs our ability to judge the accuracy of our own positive self-perceptions.
Damage to the ___ frontal cortex impairs our ability to judge the accuracy of our own positive self-perceptions.
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Match the brain region with its function:
Match the brain region with its function:
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When faced with a choice, such as taking $20 today versus $23 next week, what does the vmPFC help us weigh?
When faced with a choice, such as taking $20 today versus $23 next week, what does the vmPFC help us weigh?
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Patients with OFC damage have no awareness of social norms.
Patients with OFC damage have no awareness of social norms.
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What is a key characteristic of patients with damaged orbital frontal cortex (OFC)?
What is a key characteristic of patients with damaged orbital frontal cortex (OFC)?
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Which cognitive processes are mediated by the default mode network (DMN)?
Which cognitive processes are mediated by the default mode network (DMN)?
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The majority of people have an accurate sense of self.
The majority of people have an accurate sense of self.
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What brain region is associated with positive self-appraisal?
What brain region is associated with positive self-appraisal?
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The ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) is responsible for focusing attention on positive ________.
The ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) is responsible for focusing attention on positive ________.
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Match the percentage of self-ratings to the corresponding group:
Match the percentage of self-ratings to the corresponding group:
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Which statement is true regarding the inflated sense of self?
Which statement is true regarding the inflated sense of self?
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The DMN shows increased activity when gauging the beliefs and intentions of others.
The DMN shows increased activity when gauging the beliefs and intentions of others.
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What correlates with less deactivation of vACC during self-description?
What correlates with less deactivation of vACC during self-description?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism?
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Autism is more prevalent in females than in males.
Autism is more prevalent in females than in males.
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What brain region is involved in empathy and is affected in autism?
What brain region is involved in empathy and is affected in autism?
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People with autism may report experiencing 'only ______, no thoughts' in their resting state.
People with autism may report experiencing 'only ______, no thoughts' in their resting state.
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Match the following brain regions with their associated functions in autism:
Match the following brain regions with their associated functions in autism:
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In individuals with autism, what change in the Default Mode Network is typically observed?
In individuals with autism, what change in the Default Mode Network is typically observed?
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Macrocephaly is observed in 50% of cases of autism.
Macrocephaly is observed in 50% of cases of autism.
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What developmental issue might be indicated by the presence of 'immature spines' in neurons in individuals with autism?
What developmental issue might be indicated by the presence of 'immature spines' in neurons in individuals with autism?
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Autism is classified as a __________ disorder.
Autism is classified as a __________ disorder.
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Which of the following is a common comorbidity with autism?
Which of the following is a common comorbidity with autism?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: SC/BIOL 4370 – 3.0
- Term: Fall 2024
- Subject: Neurobiology
- Lecture 8: The Biology of Sociality
Schedule
- Week 1, Sept. 6th: A Brief History of the Brain
- Week 2, Sept. 13th: Molecular and Cellular Basis of Learning and Memory
- Week 3, Sept. 20th: Basics of Neuronal Physiology
- Week 4, Sept. 27th: Function and Structure of Synapses
- Week 5, Oct. 4th: Neurobiology of Emotion and Stress
- Week 6, Oct. 11th: Mood Disorders: Cellular Basis and Treatment
- Week 7, Oct. 18th: Reading Week
- Week 8, Oct. 25th: Midterm
- Week 9, Nov. 1st: The Neuropharmacology of Addiction
- Week 10, Nov. 8th: The Biology of Sociality and Autism
- Week 11, Nov. 15th: Neuronal Changes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
- Week 12, Nov. 22nd: Neurobiology of Consciousness
- Week 13, Nov. 29th: Technical Advances and the Future of Neurobiology, Final Exam (TBD)
Housekeeping
- Written Assignment: Due last day of class, midnight submission on eClass
- Final Exam: Saturday, December 14th at 7:00pm–10:00pm, similar format to midterm, with 3 hours for 100–110+ marks
Outline
- Describe brain networks used during social interactions
- Understand the biological basis of self- and other representation
- Explore the neurobiology of autism
The Social Brain
- Humans are social creatures
- Communication, learning, and teaching are highly adaptive behaviors
- Facilitates retention and sharing of complex information required for survival
- Cultural transmission, coordination of efforts, ideas of fairness and morality
- Components
- Self-awareness ("introspection"): knowledge about oneself.
- Feedback based on social performance.
- Mentalizing: inferring mental states of others.
- Interpreting other's behavior/mindset.
The Social Brain: Origins
- Grooming in non-human primates (NHPs): promotes social bonding, confers social status within troops.
- Males mostly groom females.
- Releases endorphins (the body's natural opioids)
- Requires understanding of reciprocation, competition, and status.
- Safety in numbers for predator deterrence.
- Calculations suggesting human brains best suited for managing roughly ~150 relationships and chimp troops average about ~100 individuals.
- Eusociality (co-habitation across generations) provides opportunities for division of labor and altruism.
- Beginning of "camps" approximately one million years ago for Homo erectus.
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Description
Explore Lecture 8 of SC/BIOL 4370, which delves into the biology of sociality and its connections to autism. This quiz will test your understanding of how social behavior is influenced by neurobiological factors. Prepare to engage with concepts surrounding the neurobiology of social interactions and their implications for mental health.
