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Questions and Answers
Which term did Robert Hooke use to describe the repeating units he observed in thin slices of cork?
Which term did Robert Hooke use to describe the repeating units he observed in thin slices of cork?
- Neurons
- Processes
- Reticulum
- Cells (correct)
Who proposed the cell theory in 1839?
Who proposed the cell theory in 1839?
- Matthias Schleiden
- Theodor Schwann (correct)
- Robert Hooke
- Camillo Golgi
Which discipline of biology widely accepted the cell theory by the second half of the nineteenth century?
Which discipline of biology widely accepted the cell theory by the second half of the nineteenth century?
- Neurobiology
- Chemistry
- Zoology
- Botany (correct)
What did proponents of the reticular theory believe constituted the working unit of the nervous system?
What did proponents of the reticular theory believe constituted the working unit of the nervous system?
Who made important contributions to science including the discovery of the Golgi apparatus?
Who made important contributions to science including the discovery of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?
What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?
When were individual neurons first visualized by Golgi staining?
When were individual neurons first visualized by Golgi staining?
What did contemporary students of neurobiology find surprising about the acceptance of the cellular organization of the nervous system?
What did contemporary students of neurobiology find surprising about the acceptance of the cellular organization of the nervous system?
What did neurobiologists of the early twentieth century believe nerve cells were linked together by?
What did neurobiologists of the early twentieth century believe nerve cells were linked together by?
What did neuroscientists who supported the reticular theory consider as the working unit of the nervous system?
What did neuroscientists who supported the reticular theory consider as the working unit of the nervous system?
What was Golgi's greatest contribution?
What was Golgi's greatest contribution?
What happens when neural tissue is soaked in a solution of silver nitrate and potassium dichromate using the Golgi staining method?
What happens when neural tissue is soaked in a solution of silver nitrate and potassium dichromate using the Golgi staining method?
What is the reticular theory?
What is the reticular theory?
Who refuted the reticular theory?
Who refuted the reticular theory?
What did the neuron doctrine propose?
What did the neuron doctrine propose?
What did Golgi's staining method enable for the first time?
What did Golgi's staining method enable for the first time?
What did Ramón y Cajal use to refute Golgi's theory?
What did Ramón y Cajal use to refute Golgi's theory?
What did Ramón y Cajal state about Golgi's work?
What did Ramón y Cajal state about Golgi's work?
What did Golgi think about dendritic trees?
What did Golgi think about dendritic trees?
Who were the most influential neurobiologists of their time?
Who were the most influential neurobiologists of their time?
What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?
What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?
What do neurons use to convey the intensity of signals being delivered?
What do neurons use to convey the intensity of signals being delivered?
What term is used to describe membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?
What term is used to describe membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
What determines whether, when, and how frequently a neuron will fire action potentials?
What determines whether, when, and how frequently a neuron will fire action potentials?
Where is the site of action potential initiation in most neurons?
Where is the site of action potential initiation in most neurons?
What is the process called when neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to their receptors on the postsynaptic neurons?
What is the process called when neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to their receptors on the postsynaptic neurons?
What happens at electrical synapses to transmit information between neurons?
What happens at electrical synapses to transmit information between neurons?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What do neurotransmitters bind to on the postsynaptic neurons to produce synaptic potentials?
What do neurotransmitters bind to on the postsynaptic neurons to produce synaptic potentials?
Which of the following is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
Which of the following is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
What did Luigi Galvani's discovery in the late eighteenth century involve?
What did Luigi Galvani's discovery in the late eighteenth century involve?
What is the membrane potential?
What is the membrane potential?
What is the resting state of neurons?
What is the resting state of neurons?
How do neurons relay information through nerve impulses?
How do neurons relay information through nerve impulses?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
When did the development of amplifiers for electrical signals occur?
When did the development of amplifiers for electrical signals occur?
What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and co-workers measure nerve impulses from?
What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and co-workers measure nerve impulses from?
What did quantitative studies of sensory stimuli provide important clues about?
What did quantitative studies of sensory stimuli provide important clues about?
What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals?
What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals?
What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?
What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?
What is the most widely used means to convey signal intensity throughout the nervous system?
What is the most widely used means to convey signal intensity throughout the nervous system?
What are membrane potentials that can change in continuous values called?
What are membrane potentials that can change in continuous values called?
Where are graded potentials induced by sensory stimuli produced?
Where are graded potentials induced by sensory stimuli produced?
Which type of potentials are produced at the postsynaptic sites in response to neurotransmitter release?
Which type of potentials are produced at the postsynaptic sites in response to neurotransmitter release?
What determines the size of graded potentials?
What determines the size of graded potentials?
Which type of neurons do not fire action potentials at all?
Which type of neurons do not fire action potentials at all?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
What facilitates action potential production by the postsynaptic neuron?
What facilitates action potential production by the postsynaptic neuron?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
Which scientist discovered that the nervous system uses electrical signals to propagate information?
Which scientist discovered that the nervous system uses electrical signals to propagate information?
What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane?
What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane?
What do neurons in the resting state have compared to the extracellular environment?
What do neurons in the resting state have compared to the extracellular environment?
What did quantitative studies of sensory stimuli provide important clues about?
What did quantitative studies of sensory stimuli provide important clues about?
What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s?
What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s?
What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and his co-workers measure nerve impulses from?
What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and his co-workers measure nerve impulses from?
What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
What do sensory neurons convey information about?
What do sensory neurons convey information about?
What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
What did Luigi Galvani's discovery in the late eighteenth century involve?
What did Luigi Galvani's discovery in the late eighteenth century involve?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane?
What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane?
What is the resting state of neurons?
What is the resting state of neurons?
Where are graded potentials induced by sensory stimuli produced?
Where are graded potentials induced by sensory stimuli produced?
What determines the size of graded potentials?
What determines the size of graded potentials?
What do sensory neurons convey information about?
What do sensory neurons convey information about?
What facilitates action potential production by the postsynaptic neuron?
What facilitates action potential production by the postsynaptic neuron?
Who made important contributions to science including the discovery of the Golgi apparatus?
Who made important contributions to science including the discovery of the Golgi apparatus?
Which concept of modern neuroscience is the presence of an elementary unit of nerve impulses that axons use to convey information across long distances?
Which concept of modern neuroscience is the presence of an elementary unit of nerve impulses that axons use to convey information across long distances?
What do neurons use to convey the intensity of signals being delivered?
What do neurons use to convey the intensity of signals being delivered?
What are membrane potentials that can change in continuous values called?
What are membrane potentials that can change in continuous values called?
What type of potentials are produced at the postsynaptic sites in response to neurotransmitter release by presynaptic partners?
What type of potentials are produced at the postsynaptic sites in response to neurotransmitter release by presynaptic partners?
What type of potentials are induced at the peripheral endings of sensory neurons by sensory stimuli?
What type of potentials are induced at the peripheral endings of sensory neurons by sensory stimuli?
What do most neurons in the vertebrate retina use to transmit information instead of action potentials?
What do most neurons in the vertebrate retina use to transmit information instead of action potentials?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
What is the eventual purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?
What is the eventual purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?
Where is the site of action potential initiation typically located?
Where is the site of action potential initiation typically located?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What is the term used to describe the membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?
What is the term used to describe the membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?
What is the main purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?
What is the main purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?
What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?
What do graded potentials depend on?
What do graded potentials depend on?
What is the main purpose of action potentials in neurons?
What is the main purpose of action potentials in neurons?
What is the site of action potential initiation typically located?
What is the site of action potential initiation typically located?
Which scientist discovered that application of an electric current could produce muscle twitches in frogs?
Which scientist discovered that application of an electric current could produce muscle twitches in frogs?
What is the term used to describe the distribution of positive and negative charges on each side of the neuronal membrane?
What is the term used to describe the distribution of positive and negative charges on each side of the neuronal membrane?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
What did the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s make possible?
What did the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s make possible?
What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and his co-workers measure nerve impulses from?
What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and his co-workers measure nerve impulses from?
What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
What do sensory neurons convey information about?
What do sensory neurons convey information about?
Which scientist discovered that application of an electric current could produce muscle twitches in frogs?
Which scientist discovered that application of an electric current could produce muscle twitches in frogs?
What is the term used to describe the transient changes of the membrane potential that propagate electrical signals in neurons?
What is the term used to describe the transient changes of the membrane potential that propagate electrical signals in neurons?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?
Who systematically measured nerve impulses from somatosensory neurons that convey information about touch, pressure, and pain to the spinal cord?
Who systematically measured nerve impulses from somatosensory neurons that convey information about touch, pressure, and pain to the spinal cord?
What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s?
What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s?
What do sensory neurons convey information about?
What do sensory neurons convey information about?
What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?
Which concept of modern neuroscience is the presence of an elementary unit of nerve impulses that axons use to convey information across long distances?
Which concept of modern neuroscience is the presence of an elementary unit of nerve impulses that axons use to convey information across long distances?
What is the term used to describe membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?
What is the term used to describe membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?
What is the main purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?
What is the main purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?
Where is the site of action potential initiation typically located in neurons?
Where is the site of action potential initiation typically located in neurons?
How is information transmitted between neurons at electrical synapses?
How is information transmitted between neurons at electrical synapses?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What is the most widely used means to convey signal intensity throughout the nervous system?
What is the most widely used means to convey signal intensity throughout the nervous system?
Study Notes
Cell Theory and Nervous System
- Robert Hooke used the term "cell" to describe the repeating units he observed in thin slices of cork.
- In 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory.
- By the second half of the nineteenth century, the cell theory was widely accepted in the discipline of biology.
Golgi Apparatus and Neurobiology
- Camillo Golgi made important contributions to science, including the discovery of the Golgi apparatus.
- The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and modifying proteins synthesized by the cell.
- Golgi staining enabled individual neurons to be visualized for the first time in 1873.
- Golgi's greatest contribution was the development of the Golgi staining method.
Reticular Theory and Neuron Doctrine
- The reticular theory believed that the working unit of the nervous system was a continuous network of nerve fibers.
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal refuted the reticular theory and proposed the neuron doctrine, which states that nerve cells are separate units.
- The neuron doctrine proposed that neurons are independent units that communicate with each other through synapses.
Neurotransmission and Action Potentials
- Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, producing synaptic potentials.
- The release of neurotransmitters is triggered by the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic terminal.
- Synaptic potentials are usually produced in the dendrites of a neuron.
- The site of action potential initiation is typically located at the axon hillock.
Membrane Potentials and Signal Transmission
- The membrane potential is the electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane.
- In the resting state, neurons have a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions than the extracellular environment.
- Graded potentials are induced by sensory stimuli and can change in continuous values.
- Action potentials are the elementary unit of nerve impulses that axons use to convey information across long distances.
Early Neuroscientists and Contributions
- Luigi Galvani's discovery in the late eighteenth century involved the use of electrical signals to propagate information in the nervous system.
- Edgar Adrian and co-workers measured nerve impulses from somatosensory neurons.
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal used his staining method to refute Golgi's theory and proposed the neuron doctrine.
- Ramón y Cajal and Golgi were the most influential neurobiologists of their time.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on the history of neurobiology with this quiz! Explore the discovery of individual neurons and the initial skepticism surrounding the cellular organization of the nervous system.
