Neurobiology 1.8
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Questions and Answers

Which term did Robert Hooke use to describe the repeating units he observed in thin slices of cork?

  • Neurons
  • Processes
  • Reticulum
  • Cells (correct)

    • Who proposed the cell theory in 1839?

  • Matthias Schleiden
  • Theodor Schwann (correct)
  • Robert Hooke
  • Camillo Golgi

    • Which discipline of biology widely accepted the cell theory by the second half of the nineteenth century?

  • Neurobiology
  • Chemistry
  • Zoology
  • Botany (correct)

    • What did proponents of the reticular theory believe constituted the working unit of the nervous system?

    <p>Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who made important contributions to science including the discovery of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Camillo Golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

    <p>Processing proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were individual neurons first visualized by Golgi staining?

    <p>Late nineteenth century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did contemporary students of neurobiology find surprising about the acceptance of the cellular organization of the nervous system?

    <p>It was accepted in the early twentieth century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did neurobiologists of the early twentieth century believe nerve cells were linked together by?

    <p>Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did neuroscientists who supported the reticular theory consider as the working unit of the nervous system?

    <p>Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Golgi's greatest contribution?

    <p>Inventing the Golgi staining method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when neural tissue is soaked in a solution of silver nitrate and potassium dichromate using the Golgi staining method?

    <p>The tissue becomes visualized against an unstained background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reticular theory?

    <p>The theory that neuronal processes fuse to form a reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who refuted the reticular theory?

    <p>Santiago Ramón y Cajal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the neuron doctrine propose?

    <p>Neurons communicate through synaptic contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Golgi's staining method enable for the first time?

    <p>Visualization of individual neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ramón y Cajal use to refute Golgi's theory?

    <p>The Golgi staining method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ramón y Cajal state about Golgi's work?

    <p>Golgi's work consisted of two separate parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Golgi think about dendritic trees?

    <p>They fuse together to form a reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the most influential neurobiologists of their time?

    <p>Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?

    <p>Action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neurons use to convey the intensity of signals being delivered?

    <p>Frequency of action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?

    <p>Graded potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?

    <p>Dendritic spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether, when, and how frequently a neuron will fire action potentials?

    <p>Synaptic potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of action potential initiation in most neurons?

    <p>Axon initial segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to their receptors on the postsynaptic neurons?

    <p>Synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at electrical synapses to transmit information between neurons?

    <p>Ion flow across gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

    <p>Action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neurotransmitters bind to on the postsynaptic neurons to produce synaptic potentials?

    <p>Synaptic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?

    <p>Electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Luigi Galvani's discovery in the late eighteenth century involve?

    <p>Application of electric current to frogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the membrane potential?

    <p>The electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting state of neurons?

    <p>More negatively charged inside the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurons relay information through nerve impulses?

    <p>By changing the membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?

    <p>Different stimulus strengths produce the same type of muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the development of amplifiers for electrical signals occur?

    <p>1920s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and co-workers measure nerve impulses from?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did quantitative studies of sensory stimuli provide important clues about?

    <p>The relationship between sensory stimuli and membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals?

    <p>The all-or-none conduction principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?

    <p>Action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely used means to convey signal intensity throughout the nervous system?

    <p>Frequency of action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are membrane potentials that can change in continuous values called?

    <p>Graded potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are graded potentials induced by sensory stimuli produced?

    <p>Peripheral endings of sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of potentials are produced at the postsynaptic sites in response to neurotransmitter release?

    <p>Synaptic potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the size of graded potentials?

    <p>Both strength of input stimuli and sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons do not fire action potentials at all?

    <p>Retinal neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?

    <p>Dendrite tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facilitates action potential production by the postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Excitatory inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

    <p>Action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered that the nervous system uses electrical signals to propagate information?

    <p>Luigi Galvani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane?

    <p>Membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neurons in the resting state have compared to the extracellular environment?

    <p>More negatively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did quantitative studies of sensory stimuli provide important clues about?

    <p>How information is relayed through nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s?

    <p>All-or-none conduction principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and his co-workers measure nerve impulses from?

    <p>Somatosensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?

    <p>Electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

    <p>Nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?

    <p>An elementary nerve impulse underlies different stimulus strengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sensory neurons convey information about?

    <p>Touch, pressure, and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?

    <p>Electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Luigi Galvani's discovery in the late eighteenth century involve?

    <p>The discovery of muscle twitches in frogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?

    <p>The presence of elementary nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane?

    <p>Membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting state of neurons?

    <p>The state of low electrical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are graded potentials induced by sensory stimuli produced?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the size of graded potentials?

    <p>The intensity of the stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sensory neurons convey information about?

    <p>Sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facilitates action potential production by the postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who made important contributions to science including the discovery of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Camillo Golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept of modern neuroscience is the presence of an elementary unit of nerve impulses that axons use to convey information across long distances?

    <p>Action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neurons use to convey the intensity of signals being delivered?

    <p>Frequency of action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are membrane potentials that can change in continuous values called?

    <p>Graded potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of potentials are produced at the postsynaptic sites in response to neurotransmitter release by presynaptic partners?

    <p>Synaptic potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of potentials are induced at the peripheral endings of sensory neurons by sensory stimuli?

    <p>Receptor potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do most neurons in the vertebrate retina use to transmit information instead of action potentials?

    <p>Graded potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?

    <p>Dendritic spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the eventual purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?

    <p>To transmit information to postsynaptic target neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of action potential initiation typically located?

    <p>Axon initial segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

    <p>Action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?

    <p>Graded potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?

    <p>To produce action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?

    <p>Dendritic spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

    <p>Action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the elementary unit of nerve impulses called?

    <p>Action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do graded potentials depend on?

    <p>The strength of the input stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of action potentials in neurons?

    <p>To transmit information across long distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of action potential initiation typically located?

    <p>Axon initial segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered that application of an electric current could produce muscle twitches in frogs?

    <p>Luigi Galvani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the distribution of positive and negative charges on each side of the neuronal membrane?

    <p>Membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?

    <p>An all-or-none conduction principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s make possible?

    <p>Recording nerve impulses from single axon fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons did Edgar Adrian and his co-workers measure nerve impulses from?

    <p>Somatosensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?

    <p>Electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sensory neurons convey information about?

    <p>Touch, pressure, and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered that application of an electric current could produce muscle twitches in frogs?

    <p>Luigi Galvani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the transient changes of the membrane potential that propagate electrical signals in neurons?

    <p>Nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did studies of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of motor nerves suggest?

    <p>An elementary nerve impulse underlies different stimulus strengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who systematically measured nerve impulses from somatosensory neurons that convey information about touch, pressure, and pain to the spinal cord?

    <p>Edgar Adrian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle became clearer with the development of amplifiers for electrical signals in the 1920s?

    <p>All-or-none conduction principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sensory neurons convey information about?

    <p>Touch, pressure, and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical basis of information flow within neurons?

    <p>Electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept of modern neuroscience is the presence of an elementary unit of nerve impulses that axons use to convey information across long distances?

    <p>The concept of action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe membrane potentials that can change in continuous values?

    <p>Graded potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are synaptic potentials usually produced in a neuron?

    <p>At the dendritic spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of synaptic potentials in most neurons?

    <p>To determine whether the neuron will fire action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the site of action potential initiation typically located in neurons?

    <p>At the initial segment of the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is information transmitted between neurons at electrical synapses?

    <p>Through ion flow across gap junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

    <p>Action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely used means to convey signal intensity throughout the nervous system?

    <p>Action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Theory and Nervous System

    • Robert Hooke used the term "cell" to describe the repeating units he observed in thin slices of cork.
    • In 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory.
    • By the second half of the nineteenth century, the cell theory was widely accepted in the discipline of biology.

    Golgi Apparatus and Neurobiology

    • Camillo Golgi made important contributions to science, including the discovery of the Golgi apparatus.
    • The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and modifying proteins synthesized by the cell.
    • Golgi staining enabled individual neurons to be visualized for the first time in 1873.
    • Golgi's greatest contribution was the development of the Golgi staining method.

    Reticular Theory and Neuron Doctrine

    • The reticular theory believed that the working unit of the nervous system was a continuous network of nerve fibers.
    • Santiago Ramón y Cajal refuted the reticular theory and proposed the neuron doctrine, which states that nerve cells are separate units.
    • The neuron doctrine proposed that neurons are independent units that communicate with each other through synapses.

    Neurotransmission and Action Potentials

    • Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, producing synaptic potentials.
    • The release of neurotransmitters is triggered by the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic terminal.
    • Synaptic potentials are usually produced in the dendrites of a neuron.
    • The site of action potential initiation is typically located at the axon hillock.

    Membrane Potentials and Signal Transmission

    • The membrane potential is the electrical potential difference across the neuronal membrane.
    • In the resting state, neurons have a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions than the extracellular environment.
    • Graded potentials are induced by sensory stimuli and can change in continuous values.
    • Action potentials are the elementary unit of nerve impulses that axons use to convey information across long distances.

    Early Neuroscientists and Contributions

    • Luigi Galvani's discovery in the late eighteenth century involved the use of electrical signals to propagate information in the nervous system.
    • Edgar Adrian and co-workers measured nerve impulses from somatosensory neurons.
    • Santiago Ramón y Cajal used his staining method to refute Golgi's theory and proposed the neuron doctrine.
    • Ramón y Cajal and Golgi were the most influential neurobiologists of their time.

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    Test your knowledge on the history of neurobiology with this quiz! Explore the discovery of individual neurons and the initial skepticism surrounding the cellular organization of the nervous system.

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