Cell Biology History Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Cell membrane = Regulates movement of chemicals DNA = Genetic material in cells Microscope = Tool for observing small structures Cork = Material from which first cells were observed

Match the following cell features with their groups:

Prokaryotic cells = Bacteria and archaea Eukaryotic cells = Plants and animals Cytoplasm = Site of DNA in prokaryotes Nucleus = Subcellular compartment in eukaryotes

What is fundamental unit of life ?

  • Atoms
  • Cells (correct)
  • Molecules
  • Organelles

Which type of cells lack intracellular membranes and have their DNA located in the cytoplasm?

<p>Prokaryotic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who formally articulated the cell theory in 1839?

<p>Karl Ludwig Friedrich Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Robert Hooke actually observing when he first discovered cells in 1665?

<p>Dead plant cell walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what compartment is DNA stored within eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding red blood cells?

<p>They lack DNA when mature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cell membrane primarily regulate?

<p>Movement of chemicals across the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant concept predates Darwin's theory of evolution?

<p>Cell theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution to cell biology did Anton van Leeuwenhoek make in 1674?

<p>He observed and described live cells, including algae. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist formalized the concept that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?

<p>Rudolph Virchow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which invention was crucial to the enhanced study of cellular structures in the 20th century?

<p>Transmission electron microscope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key findings by N. Pringsheim concerning cell reproduction?

<p>How a sperm cell penetrates an egg cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All cells contain DNA.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their contributions to cell biology:

<p>Robert Hooke = First to describe cells Schleiden &amp; Schwann = Formulated cell theory Antoni van Leeuwenhoek = Improved microscopy and observed living cells Theodor Schwann = Developed the idea of cell theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell has its DNA stored in the nucleus?

<p>Eukaryotic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person to observe live cells under a microscope?

<p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first continuous human cell line was established in 1951 from cervical cancer cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with the discovery of the cell nucleus?

<p>Robert Brown (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Omnis cellula e cellula' translates to 'All cells come from pre-existing cells.'

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement was crucial for the study of cellular structures in the 20th century?

<p>Electron microscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Theory's First Two Tenets

All living things are composed of cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

Omnis cellula e cellula

All cells only arise from pre-existing cells

HeLa Cells

A continuous human cell line derived from cervical cancer cells of Henrietta Lacks.

Cell Biology

The study of cells, their structure and their function.

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Compound Microscope

A microscope with multiple lenses to magnify objects.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe live cells and bacteria under a microscope.

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Cell Nucleus

The central part of a cell that contains the genetic material.

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Cell

The fundamental unit of life, which can exist independently as a single cell or combine to form multicellular organisms.

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Cell theory

All organisms are made of cells.

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Robert Hooke

Scientist who first discovered and named cells.

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Cell membrane

A defining feature of cells that regulates the movement of chemicals.

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Prokaryotic cell

A type of cell without internal membranes, like bacteria.

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Eukaryotic cell

A type of cell with internal membranes and a nucleus, like animal and plant cells.

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Light microscope

Instrument that allowed scientists to observe cells and other small structures.

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Cell specialization

Different types of cells have unique structures and functions.

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Cell Theory's Third Tenet (Original)

The original Cell Theory stated that cells could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. This was proven incorrect.

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Virchow's Dictum

Virchow's famous conclusion, "Omnis cellula e cellula", means that all cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

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Cell Culture

Maintaining and growing cells outside of living organisms.

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Transfection

Introducing foreign DNA into cells.

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Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

A protein found in jellyfish that glows green under UV light, used as a marker in cells and tissues.

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Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

A type of RNA molecule that can silence gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs.

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Cell Doctrine

The idea that all living organisms are made up of fundamental units called cells. This is a cornerstone of modern biology.

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Cell Theory Proponents

Schleiden and Schwann formally articulated the cell theory in 1839.

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What did Hooke see?

Robert Hooke observed the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) using a microscope.

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Micrographia

The published work where Robert Hooke described his observations of cells.

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Cell Membrane Function

The cell membrane is a critical structure of cells that regulates the movement of chemicals into and out of the cell.

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DNA Location in Prokaryotes

In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is found within the cytoplasm, the main area of the cell.

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Eukaryotic Cell DNA Storage

Eukaryotic cells store their DNA in a separate compartment called the nucleus.

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Who discovered cells?

Robert Hooke, an English scientist, first observed and named cells in 1665.

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Original Cell Theory

The original cell theory stated that cells could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. However, this was disproven.

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Who observed live cells first?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe live cells under a microscope in 1674, describing the algae Spirogyra. He likely also saw bacteria.

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What did Hooke observe?

Robert Hooke observed the cell walls of cork cells under a microscope in 1665. He called these structures 'cells' because they reminded him of the small rooms monks lived in.

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Schleiden and Schwann's contribution

In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the first two tenets of cell theory: all living organisms are composed of cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. However, their third tenet was incorrect.

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What is 'Omnis cellula e cellula'?

Rudolf Virchow's famous dictum, 'Omnis cellula e cellula', means that all cells only arise from pre-existing cells. This corrected the third tenet of the original cell theory.

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GFP

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is a protein emitting green light under UV light, allowing scientists to visualize and track cells and their processes.

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siRNA

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that can silence gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs, allowing scientists to study gene function.

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What are organoids?

Organoids are 3D structures derived from a single adult stem cell, mimicking the structure and function of organs, enabling researchers to study organ development and disease.

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CRISPR

CRISPR gene editing is a powerful technique allowing precise RNA-targeted genome engineering, enabling scientists to modify DNA sequences and study gene function.

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Study Notes

Cell Biology History

  • Single cells are the fundamental unit of life, existing as unicellular or forming multicellular organisms.
  • Cells vary, from prokaryotic (bacteria, archaea) to eukaryotic (plants, animals). Sub-types also exist (red blood cells, neurons, epithelial cells).
  • Cell membranes define cells, regulating chemical movement in and out.
  • Most cells contain DNA, stored in a nucleus (eukaryotes) or cytoplasm (prokaryotes).
  • Mature red blood cells lack DNA.

Cell Theory

  • All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory).
  • Schleiden and Schwann articulated the cell theory in 1839.
  • The cell theory predates key biological paradigms (evolution, inheritance, comparative biochemistry).
  • The cell theory's first two tenets are accurate; the third is flawed (cell division, described later as “Omnis cellula e cellula”).

Early Cell Discoveries

  • Robert Hooke first described "cells" in 1665 (cork cells; dead plant cells).
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed live cells (algae, possibly bacteria) in 1674.
  • The cell nucleus was observed in 1833.
  • Schwann & Schleiden proposed the cell theory in 1838.
  • The idea that cells only come from preexisting cells was formalized by Virchow's "Omnis cellula e cellula".

Modern Cell Biology

  • Mid-20th century saw an explosion of cell biology research, including cell culture techniques.
  • HeLa cells (cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks) were a pivotal achievement in cell study.
  • Developments in electron microscopy, transfection, GFP, siRNA expanded knowledge.
  • Cell biology is a rapidly advancing area.
  • Advances in microscopes and reagents continue to enhance understanding, especially in clinical settings.

Cell Biology Timeline Highlights

  • 1595: First compound microscope invented.
  • 1655: Hooke describes cells in cork.
  • 1674: Leeuwenhoek discovers protozoa (and possibly bacteria).
  • 1833: Brown describes cell nucleus.
  • 1838: Schleiden & Schwann propose cell theory.
  • 1840: Sperm and egg cells identified as cells.
  • 1856-58: Observation of fertilization and Virchow’s Omnis cellula e cellula.
  • 1857: Mitochondria described.
  • 1879: Chromosome behavior during mitosis described.
  • 1883: Germ cells are haploid.
  • 1898: Golgi apparatus described.
  • 1938: Nuclei separation technique.
  • 1939: Commercial transmission electron microscope.
  • 1951: Continuous human cell line (HeLa cells).
  • 1955: Animal cell nutritional needs defined.
  • 1957: Nucleic acid separation technique.
  • 1965-76: Serum-free media, scanning electron microscopy, and more cell line innovations.
  • 1981-2006: Transgenic organisms, stem cell lines, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • 1995: Enhanced GFP mutant.
  • 1998: Cloning from somatic cells.
  • 1999: siRNA discovery.
  • 2009: Single-cell sequencing and organoid research.
  • 2012: CRISPR gene editing.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of cell biology, including the origins of cell theory and key historical discoveries. This quiz covers unicellular and multicellular organisms, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and notable scientists who contributed to the field.

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