Neuroanatomy Quiz for 18-21 Day Old Embryo

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major divisions of the brain in the 18-21 day old human embryo?

  • Forebrain
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Cerebellum (correct)

The structure known as the 'brainstem' is synonymous with which of the following?

  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
  • Mesencephalon (correct)
  • Diencephalon

Which division of the brain houses the pons and the cerebellum?

  • Telencephalon
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain (correct)

What is a primary function of the medulla?

<p>To regulate heart rate and breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is noted for containing approximately 50% of the brain's total neurons?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary components of the vertebrate nervous system?

<p>Peripheral and central nervous systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>The somatic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Sympathetic and parasympathetic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are considered part of the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the neuroanatomy content?

<p>Functions of the cranial nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?

<p>Somatic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the provided neuroanatomy content?

<p>Structural organization of the nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for regulating the internal environment?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the CNS and PNS?

<p>The CNS and PNS are distinct but interconnected structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of afferent nerves in the somatic nervous system?

<p>Carrying sensory signals from the skin, muscles, joints, etc. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system carry signals from the CNS to which of the following?

<p>Internal Organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction is characteristic of the somatic nervous system?

<p>Interaction with the external environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signals do the efferent nerves transmit in the somatic nervous system?

<p>Motor signals to the skeletal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the afferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system carry sensory signals from?

<p>Internal organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the efferent nerves of the ANS categorized?

<p>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for mobilizing energy in threatening situations?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Conserving energy and promoting 'rest and digest' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the central nervous system, a cluster of cell bodies is called a:

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bundle of axons called in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gray matter of the spinal cord primarily consists of:

<p>Unmyelinated axons and cell bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance primarily makes up white matter in the nervous system?

<p>Myelinated axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To specify a precise location within the brain, how many dimensions are required?

<p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes structures located towards the front of the body or brain?

<p>Anterior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'ipsilateral' in the context of the nervous system?

<p>On the same side of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terms, what does a 'coronal' section refer to?

<p>A cut that divides the body into front and back portions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is most associated with movement and timing?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mesencephalon includes which structure(s)?

<p>Tectum and tegmentum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these primary functions is not associated with the reticular formation?

<p>Spatial memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with Dejerine syndrome would most likely exhibit which symptoms?

<p>Respiratory failure, paralysis, tongue dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chiari malformation results in the compression and distortion of which brain structure?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia affects what area of the brain?

<p>Pons and Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the diencephalon?

<p>Tectum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

<p>Processing and relaying information between receptors and cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the function of the hypothalamus?

<p>Behavior regulation and hormone release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the largest division of the brain?

<p>Telencephalon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are included in the basal ganglia?

<p>Collection of nuclei connected to cortex, thalamus, and midbrain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the limbic system is primarily associated with spatial memory?

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the human cerebral cortex is classified as isocortex?

<p>90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinguishing characteristic of a fissure in the brain?

<p>A deep sulcus that indents the ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms is equivalent to the isocortex?

<p>Neocortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neuroanatomy

The study of the structure of the nervous system.

Divisions of the Nervous System

The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral components.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Comprises the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Includes all nervous system parts outside the CNS.

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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Part of PNS that controls voluntary muscle movements.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat and digestion.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

A division of the autonomic system that prepares the body for stressful situations.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

A division of the autonomic system that calms the body and conserves energy.

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Divisions of the Human Brain

The human brain is divided into five main parts: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, diencephalon, and brainstem.

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Forebrain

The forebrain includes the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus; it's responsible for complex functions like thought and emotion.

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Midbrain

Also known as the mesencephalon, the midbrain acts as a relay station for visual and auditory information.

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Hindbrain

The hindbrain comprises the medulla, pons, and cerebellum, regulating basic life functions and motor control.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning, nutrients, and waste removal.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Part of the nervous system regulating involuntary actions like heartbeat and digestion.

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Efferent Nerves

Nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to muscles or organs.

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Afferent Nerves

Nerves that carry sensory signals to the CNS from the body.

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Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

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Sympathetic Nerves

Nerves that mobilize energy in threatening situations.

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Parasympathetic Nerves

Nerves that conserve energy and promote 'rest and digest'.

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Nucleus (CNS)

A cluster of cell bodies in the CNS.

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Ganglion (PNS)

A cluster of cell bodies in the PNS.

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Tract

A bundle of axons in the CNS.

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Nerve

A bundle of axons in the PNS.

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Gray Matter

Contains cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.

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White Matter

Composed of myelinated axons; facilitates communication.

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Cortex

The outer layer of the brain involved in sensory processing, motor control, and higher cognitive functions.

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Cerebellum

A brain structure involved in movement coordination and timing.

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Thalamus

A two-lobed structure that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

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Hypothalamus

Regulates essential behaviors like feeding, sleeping, and temperature control.

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Basal Ganglia

A group of nuclei that coordinate movement and are essential for learning.

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Limbic System

A group of structures involved in emotions and memory.

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Hippocampus

A part of the limbic system involved in forming new memories and spatial navigation.

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Amygdala

An almond-shaped structure involved in processing emotions and fear responses.

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Reticular Formation

Network of neurons that regulates wakefulness, arousal, and alertness.

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Mesencephalon

Also known as the midbrain, it processes visual and auditory information.

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Dejerine Syndrome

A condition resulting from a stroke affecting the medulla, causing paralysis and respiratory failure.

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Chiari Malformation

A neurological disorder where brain tissue protrudes into the spinal canal, causing various symptoms.

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Thalamo-Cortical Loops

Feedback loops between the thalamus and cortex critical for consciousness and sensory integration.

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Tectum

A part of the midbrain that plays a role in visual and auditory reflexes.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course title: Psyc 301 - Brain Dysfunction & Recovery
  • Topic: Structural Neuroanatomy
  • Presented by: Jill Dosso, PhD
  • Date: Jan 2025
  • Location: UBC
  • Acknowledgment: Presented from the traditional, ancestral, unceded territory of the xwməəkwÉ™yÉ™m (Musqueam) People.

Neuroanatomy - Three Parts

  • The nervous system is divided into three parts for study:
    • Layout and directions (general layout of the nervous system, directions in the nervous system)
    • Divisions of the brain
    • Cells and neurotransmitters

Optional Resources on Canvas

  • Links to a neuroanatomy refresher mini-course (~45 minutes)
  • Colouring activities

Learning Objectives

  • Know the major divisions of the nervous system
  • Understand and apply neuroanatomical directional terms
  • Draw & label a cross-section of the spinal cord

The Vertebrate Nervous System

  • Composed of two main components:
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
    • Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Further divided into:
    • Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
    • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

  • Interacts with the external environment
  • Contains afferent nerves (carry sensory signals from skin, muscles, joints, eyes, etc. to the CNS)
  • Contains efferent nerves (carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles to initiate movement)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • Regulates the body's internal environment
  • Contains afferent nerves (carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS)
  • Contains efferent nerves (carry motor signals from CNS to internal organs)
  • Further divided into:
    • Sympathetic nerves (mobilize energy during threatening situations)
    • Parasympathetic nerves ("rest-and-digest" responses)

CNS - Composition

  • Composed of:
    • Brain
    • Spinal cord

Spinal Cord

  • Inner H-shaped core of gray matter (cell bodies, unmyelinated axons)
  • Surrounding area of white matter (myelinated axons)

CNS Terminology

  • Nucleus: A cluster of cell bodies in the CNS
  • Tract: A bundle of axons in the CNS
  • Ganglion: A cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
  • Nerve: A bundle of axons in the PNS

Gray and White Matter

  • Gray matter = cell bodies and capillary blood vessels
  • White matter = myelinated axons

Brain Location Specifications

  • Locating locations in the brain require X, Y, Z coordinates.

Directional Terms in the Nervous System

  • Rostral (towards the nose)
  • Caudal (towards the tail)
  • Dorsal (towards the top)
  • Ventral (towards the bottom)
  • Anterior (towards the front)
  • Posterior (towards the back)

Section Planes

  • Coronal (crown-like)
  • Sagittal (arrow-like)
  • Horizontal (across)

Laterality

  • Unilateral: Activities on one side
  • Bilateral: Activities on both sides
  • Ipsilateral: Structures on the same side
  • Contralateral: Structures on opposite sides

Divisions of the Brain

  • 5 Divisions
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon

The Medulla (Myelencephalon)

  • Composed primarily of tracts carrying signals between the brain and the rest of the body

Metencephalon (Pons and Cerebellum)

  • Pons: Houses many fiber tracts and part of the reticular formation
  • Cerebellum: 50% of the neurons in the brain, involved in movement and timing

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

  • Tectum (roof): Contains nuclei that receive and relay visual & auditory information
  • Tegmentum (floor): Contains nuclei related to motor function, pain

Reticular Formation

  • A network of nuclei responsible for arousal, attention, cardiac and respiratory reflexes

Mid- and Hindbrain Disorders

  • Dejerine syndrome
  • Chiari malformation
  • Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia

Diencephalon

  • Composed of:
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus

Thalamus

  • Two-lobed structure
  • Several nuclei that process information, relay sensory info to the cortex

Hypothalamus

  • Plays a role in behaviors like feeding, sex, sleeping, and movement.
  • Acts on the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Telencephalon

  • Largest division of the brain
  • Consists of:
    • Cerebral cortex
    • Basal ganglia
    • Limbic system

Basal Ganglia

  • Collection of nuclei highly connected to cortex, thalamus, and midbrain
  • Involved in movement and learning

Limbic System

  • Includes the hippocampus and amygdala
  • Hippocampus: Spatial memory
  • Amygdala: Emotion

Cerebral Cortex

  • Outer layer of the brain, involved in higher-level cognitive functions

Ventricles

  • Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

CSF Functions

  • Buoyancy
  • Protection
  • Chemical stability

Do We Only Use 10% of Our Brains?

  • No. All parts of the brain are utilized for various functions.

Additional Info

  • Learning objectives: Include listing, describing, knowing, and understanding
  • Specific locations in the brain: Need specific coordinates

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Psyc 301 Brain Dysfunction & Recovery Lecture Notes (PDF)

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