37 Questions
What are the structural and functional units of the nervous system?
Neurons
Which type of glial cell is responsible for insulating and modulating neurotransmission in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the primary function of astrocytes in the nervous system?
Nourishment and regulation of neurons
Which type of glial cell is found in the peripheral nervous system and is responsible for insulating and modulating neurotransmission?
Schwann cells
What is the primary function of microglia in the nervous system?
Immune defense and response
How do neurons communicate with each other within the nervous system?
At specialized regions called synapses
Which type of glial cell is responsible for nourishing and maintaining the environment for neurons in the peripheral nervous system?
Satellite cells
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?
Insulation and modulation of neurotransmission
Which of the following ganglia is associated with the smooth muscle and glands of the stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney?
Celiac ganglion
Which of the following is a craniosacral ganglion of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Otic ganglion
Which of the following brain structures is part of the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following types of cerebral white matter fibers connect gyri in opposite hemispheres?
Commissural fibers
Which of the following lobes of the brain is primarily responsible for vision?
Occipital lobe
Which of the following brain structures is part of the hindbrain?
Pons
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?
To transmit information from one neuron to another
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurotransmitters?
They are responsible for higher mental functions
What is a function of the myelin sheath?
To allow efficient transmission of electrical impulses
Which of the following is an example of a small neurotransmitter?
$ ext{gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
What is the primary function of the central nervous system?
To integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals or information
Which of the following is a clinical condition related to the myelin sheath?
Multiple sclerosis
What is the process by which a neuron transmits information to another neuron?
Chemical transmission
Which of the following is a large neurotransmitter?
Neuropeptides
Which area of the brain is responsible for the conscious perception of sound?
Primary auditory cortex (41, 42)
Which of the following is NOT a function of the prefrontal cortex?
Controlling voluntary muscle movements
Lesions in which area of the brain can result in Wernicke's aphasia?
Auditory association cortex (22)
Which area of the brain is responsible for programming complex motor sequences and coordinated movement?
Supplementary motor cortex (6 - medial)
Which area of the brain is somatotopically organized as the motor homunculus?
Primary motor cortex (4)
Lesions in which area of the brain can result in contralateral loss of tactile discrimination, asterognosis, and apraxia?
Somatosensory association cortex (5, 7, 40)
Which area of the brain is responsible for understanding speech and language?
Auditory association cortex (22), or Wernicke's area
Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system?
Responsible for speech production
What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System?
To carry information to and from the Central Nervous System
What is the difference between afferent and efferent fibres?
Afferent fibres are sensory neurons, while efferent fibres are motor neurons
What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?
To provide sensory and motor information to all parts of the body under voluntary/conscious control
What is the difference between the Anterior Root and Posterior Root of a Spinal Nerve?
The Anterior Root contains motor fibres, while the Posterior Root contains sensory fibres
What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
To provide sensory and motor information to all parts of the body not under voluntary control
What is the difference between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
The Sympathetic division uses noradrenaline and adrenaline as neurotransmitters, while the Parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine
What is the difference between Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves?
Cranial Nerves emerge from the cranium and exit via foramina, while Spinal Nerves emerge from the spinal cord and exit via intervertebral foramina
Explore the basics of neuroanatomy with a focus on cells of the nervous system, communication within the nervous system, structural and functional divisions, somatic vs autonomic nervous system, cerebral cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus. Recommended reading includes 'Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience' by Fitzgerald, Gruener, and Mtui.
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