Neuroanatomy Part 1 Learning Outcomes

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What are the structural and functional units of the nervous system?

Astrocytes

Neurons (correct)

Oligodendrocytes

Satellite cells

Which type of glial cell is responsible for insulating and modulating neurotransmission in the central nervous system?

Satellite cells

Astrocytes

Microglia

Oligodendrocytes (correct)

What is the primary function of astrocytes in the nervous system?

Immune defense

Rapid communication between neurons

Insulation of nerve fibers

Nourishment and regulation of neurons (correct)

Which type of glial cell is found in the peripheral nervous system and is responsible for insulating and modulating neurotransmission?

Schwann cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microglia in the nervous system?

Immune defense and response Signup and view all the answers

How do neurons communicate with each other within the nervous system?

At specialized regions called synapses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell is responsible for nourishing and maintaining the environment for neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

Satellite cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

Insulation and modulation of neurotransmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ganglia is associated with the smooth muscle and glands of the stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney?

Celiac ganglion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a craniosacral ganglion of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Otic ganglion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain structures is part of the diencephalon?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of cerebral white matter fibers connect gyri in opposite hemispheres?

Commissural fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lobes of the brain is primarily responsible for vision?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain structures is part of the hindbrain?

Pons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters?

To transmit information from one neuron to another Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurotransmitters?

They are responsible for higher mental functions Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the myelin sheath?

To allow efficient transmission of electrical impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a small neurotransmitter?

$ ext{gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the central nervous system?

To integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals or information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical condition related to the myelin sheath?

Multiple sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a neuron transmits information to another neuron?

Chemical transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a large neurotransmitter?

Neuropeptides Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for the conscious perception of sound?

Primary auditory cortex (41, 42) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prefrontal cortex?

Controlling voluntary muscle movements Signup and view all the answers

Lesions in which area of the brain can result in Wernicke's aphasia?

Auditory association cortex (22) Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for programming complex motor sequences and coordinated movement?

Supplementary motor cortex (6 - medial) Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is somatotopically organized as the motor homunculus?

Primary motor cortex (4) Signup and view all the answers

Lesions in which area of the brain can result in contralateral loss of tactile discrimination, asterognosis, and apraxia?

Somatosensory association cortex (5, 7, 40) Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for understanding speech and language?

Auditory association cortex (22), or Wernicke's area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system?

Responsible for speech production Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Peripheral Nervous System?

To carry information to and from the Central Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between afferent and efferent fibres?

Afferent fibres are sensory neurons, while efferent fibres are motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?

To provide sensory and motor information to all parts of the body under voluntary/conscious control Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the Anterior Root and Posterior Root of a Spinal Nerve?

The Anterior Root contains motor fibres, while the Posterior Root contains sensory fibres Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

To provide sensory and motor information to all parts of the body not under voluntary control Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

The Sympathetic division uses noradrenaline and adrenaline as neurotransmitters, while the Parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves?

Cranial Nerves emerge from the cranium and exit via foramina, while Spinal Nerves emerge from the spinal cord and exit via intervertebral foramina Signup and view all the answers