Clinical Neuroscience Week 1 – Embryological Development and Cell Pro (Hard)

<p>Coronal plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caudal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caudal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectoderm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of chemical signaling molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural crest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basal plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prosencephalon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral aqueduct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spina Bifida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blockage of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of L1-L2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alar Plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral aqueduct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to the central nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelencephalon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The eyes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendrite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multipolar neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing structural support and scaffolding for the neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is primarily established by the passive movement of potassium out of the neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive channels allow ions to move across the membrane based on their concentration gradient, while active channels require energy to open and close. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are specialized regions where sodium channels are concentrated, allowing for efficient saltatory conduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that the signal remains consistent in strength despite the distance traveled. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic input --&gt; local potential --&gt; action potential --&gt; neurotransmitter release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They store and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To house the receptors that bind neurotransmitters and initiate a response in the postsynaptic neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transport sodium ions into the neuron and potassium ions out of the neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is triggered by the opening of sodium channels, allowing sodium to flow into the neuron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To insulate the axon and speed up the conduction of action potentials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Craniotomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a demyelinating disorder of the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the rapid conduction of action potentials along the axon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of myelin in the CNS. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The glial cells responsible for myelin production are different in the CNS and PNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to increased muscle tone and hyperreflexia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium ions bind to proteins associated with vesicles, facilitating their fusion with the presynaptic membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support the metabolic processes and signaling of neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their amplitude is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the entry of harmful substances into the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytomas are benign tumors while glioblastomas are malignant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove cellular debris and pathogens in the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents the neuron from firing uncontrollably. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be either excitatory or inhibitory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic input - local potential - action potential - neurotransmitter release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltage-gated sodium channels open to allow sodium to enter the neuron in order to create a positive charge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They actively transport ions across the membrane, establishing and maintaining the concentration gradients that drive the electrical signals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium ions bind to proteins associated with synaptic vesicles, leading to their fusion with the presynaptic membrane and exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require a neurotransmitter to facilitate communication between neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in muscle contraction and other bodily functions, including memory and learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neuron becoming more negatively charged, making it less likely to fire an action potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a period when the neuron requires a stronger-than-usual stimulus to fire an action potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It synthesizes and packages neurotransmitters into vesicles for release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow for more rapid communication compared to electrical synapses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors directly open ion channels, while metabotropic receptors use a secondary messenger system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Botox interferes with calcium ion influx into the presynaptic terminal, inhibiting the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an autoimmune disease that destroys the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle weakness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in the regulation of mood, arousal, and attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Groups of neurons within the CNS with similar function.

Groups of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS sharing functions.

Incoming information that arrives at the CNS.

Outgoing information that exits the CNS.

Darker brain tissue, mostly nerve cell bodies and dendrites.

Paler tissue in the CNS, mainly nerve fibers with myelin.

Controls afferent/efferent actions via skeletal muscles.

Afferent/efferent system for smooth muscles and glands.

Nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Process of forming the neural tube during CNS development.

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm formed during gastrulation.

Outer layer that forms skin and nervous system.

Middle layer responsible for muscle and bone formation.

Structure formed from neural plate, becomes CNS.

Ball-like structures that become muscle and bone.

Forebrain, forms important structures like thalamus and hypothalamus.

Hindbrain that forms the medulla oblongata and pons.

Deformity causing cerebellar tonsils to herniate.

Failure of the neural tube to close properly.

Nerves that arise directly from the brain.

Process by which one cell influences the fate of nearby cells.

Cells that lead to ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

Controls most eye movements and pupil constriction.

Innervates the superior oblique muscle, enabling downward eye movement.

Controls lateral movement of the eye.

Provides sensation to the face and controls mastication.

Controls muscles of facial expression.

Involved in hearing and balance.

Mixed nerve for taste and oropharyngeal sensation.

Supplies organs in the thorax and abdomen; key in parasympathetic functions.

Controls tongue movements except for one muscle.

Fundamental cell of the nervous system with key components like dendrites and axons.

Rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon.

Insulating layer that speeds up neural signals.

Gaps in myelin sheath where action potentials are generated.

Chemicals that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

The difference in charge across the neuronal membrane at rest.

Channels that respond to specific neurotransmitters binding to them.

Channels that open in response to changes in electrical potential across the membrane.

Channels that open in response to specific mechanical forces like stretch or temperature changes.

Proteins that help establish ion concentration gradients across the cell membrane.

The state when a neuron has no net ion flow, typically around -70 mV.

The process during which a neuron returns to its resting potential after an action potential.

A state where the neuron cannot fire regardless of stimulus intensity.

Channels altered by neurotransmitters that change membrane potential.

Substances like acetylcholine and glutamate that increase neuron activity.

Neurotransmitters like GABA that decrease neuron activity and prevent firing.

Fast-acting receptors that allow ions to flow across the membrane in response to neurotransmitters.

Slower receptors that use transduction mechanisms to create longer-lasting effects.

Paralyzes muscles by inhibiting calcium in presynaptic terminals, blocking neurotransmitter release.

An autoimmune disease causing severe muscle weakness by destroying postsynaptic receptors.

The synapse where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber.

Medications that enhance communication between nerves and muscles.

Star-shaped glial cells that support neurons and maintain ionic balance.

Immune cells in the CNS responsible for cleaning debris.

CNS cells that produce myelin for several axons at once.

PNS cells that produce myelin for individual axons in stages.

The formation of a myelin sheath around an axon for faster signal transmission.

The process where action potentials jump from node to node.

An autoimmune disease causing demyelination in the CNS.

An autoimmune disorder where myelin is stripped from peripheral nerves.