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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a sensory system?
What is the primary function of a sensory system?
- To activate the primary sensory cortex directly
- To generate conscious decision-making processes
- To transmit information to the central nervous system for processing (correct)
- To translate electrical signals into stimuli
Which sensory receptors are activated by physical force like touch and vibration?
Which sensory receptors are activated by physical force like touch and vibration?
- Mechanoreceptors (correct)
- Photoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
What type of receptors are activated by light?
What type of receptors are activated by light?
- Nociceptors
- Photoreceptors (correct)
- Thermoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with conscious perception of sensory stimuli?
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with conscious perception of sensory stimuli?
In sensory systems, what is modulated based on inputs from other sensory receptors?
In sensory systems, what is modulated based on inputs from other sensory receptors?
Which sensory system involves detection of odors?
Which sensory system involves detection of odors?
Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons located?
Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons located?
What is the term for inflammation of the dorsal root ganglia?
What is the term for inflammation of the dorsal root ganglia?
Where do the central processes of somatosensory neurons usually synapse in the spinal cord?
Where do the central processes of somatosensory neurons usually synapse in the spinal cord?
How is the grey matter organized in the spinal cord based on function?
How is the grey matter organized in the spinal cord based on function?
Which half of the spinal cord contains sensory neurons and axons based on their function?
Which half of the spinal cord contains sensory neurons and axons based on their function?
Which major somatosensory pathway transmits information about touch, pain, temperature, and body position to the cerebral cortex?
Which major somatosensory pathway transmits information about touch, pain, temperature, and body position to the cerebral cortex?
Where do first order sensory neuron axons typically branch?
Where do first order sensory neuron axons typically branch?
Which ascending pathway transmits information about posture and balance to the vestibular nuclei?
Which ascending pathway transmits information about posture and balance to the vestibular nuclei?
What is the primary function of the thalamus in sensory processing?
What is the primary function of the thalamus in sensory processing?
Where are the nuclei that contain the cell bodies of third-order neurons of the somatosensory system located?
Where are the nuclei that contain the cell bodies of third-order neurons of the somatosensory system located?
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located relative to the primary motor cortex?
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located relative to the primary motor cortex?
How are the neurons in the cortex organized regarding sensory information?
How are the neurons in the cortex organized regarding sensory information?
Where do the third-order neurons project in the sensory pathways?
Where do the third-order neurons project in the sensory pathways?
What distinguishes the sensory pathways for the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves from the trigeminal nerve pathway?
What distinguishes the sensory pathways for the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves from the trigeminal nerve pathway?
How is visceral sensation different from somatic sensation?
How is visceral sensation different from somatic sensation?
What type of receptors are found on visceral organs?
What type of receptors are found on visceral organs?
What are some signs of colic in horses according to the text?
What are some signs of colic in horses according to the text?
What type of receptors respond to tissue damage or stimuli associated with tissue damage?
What type of receptors respond to tissue damage or stimuli associated with tissue damage?
Which type of receptors are activated by the binding of specific chemicals?
Which type of receptors are activated by the binding of specific chemicals?
What is the role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in sensory reception?
What is the role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in sensory reception?
Which receptors show a decreased rate of action potential production in response to a prolonged stimulus?
Which receptors show a decreased rate of action potential production in response to a prolonged stimulus?
Which receptors include rods and cones of the retina and hair cells in the inner ear?
Which receptors include rods and cones of the retina and hair cells in the inner ear?
What is receptor adaptation in sensory systems defined as?
What is receptor adaptation in sensory systems defined as?
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Study Notes
Sensory Systems
- Sensory systems detect changes in the environment and relay information to the central nervous system to elicit an appropriate response
- There are five sensory systems: somatosensory (touch, temperature, pain, itch, pressure, position), olfactory (odors), gustatory (taste), visual (light), and vestibular (movement)
Somatosensory System
- Somatosensory system detects touch, temperature, pain, itch, pressure, and position
- Mechanoreceptors detect physical force (touch, stretch, vibration)
- Nociceptors detect tissue damage or stimuli associated with tissue damage
- Thermoreceptors detect heat or cold temperature
- Chemoreceptors detect specific chemicals
Sensory Receptors
- Primary receptors: specialized terminals of sensory neurons that detect touch, pain, and temperature
- Secondary receptors: specialized cells separate from sensory neurons, including rods and cones of the retina and hair cells in the inner ear
- TRP channels are important in sensing pain, temperature, taste, pressure, and light
Adaptation in Sensory Systems
- Adaptation: decrease in sensitivity to a prolonged stimulus
- Slow adapting receptors show decreased rate of action potential production in response to a prolonged stimulus
Dorsal Root Ganglia and Spinal Cord
- Dorsal root ganglia contain cell bodies of sensory neurons and support cells called satellite cells
- Axons carrying signals to and from cell bodies
- Central processes of somatosensory neurons enter the spinal cord and synapse in the dorsal horn of the grey matter
Somatosensory Pathways
- Dorsal somatosensory pathway (dorsal column pathway) transmits information about touch, pain, temperature, and body position to the cerebral cortex
- Other ascending pathways transmit information to parts of the brain other than the cerebral cortex
Thalamus and Primary Somatosensory Cortex
- Thalamus acts as a relay station for almost all sensory information going to the cerebral cortex
- Nuclei that contain cell bodies of third-order neurons of the somatosensory system are located in the ventral part of the thalamus
- Primary somatosensory cortex is located just caudal to the primary motor cortex
- Neurons in the cortex are organized in a somatotopic map, receiving information from a particular part of the body
Visceral Sensation
- Sensation from internal organs (visceral sensation) is not as well understood as sensation from skin, muscles, tendons, and mucous membranes (somatic sensation)
- Enteroreceptors detect stretch, pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, and tissue damage
- Visceral pain is described as dull or aching and is often poorly localized or referred to a part of the body distant from the site of the stimulus
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