Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primary function does the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) have on the heart?
What primary function does the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) have on the heart?
- Accelerates heart rate
- Inhibits heart muscle contraction
- Increases blood pressure
- Lowers heart rate (correct)
During a moment of crisis, which system predominantly stimulates the body?
During a moment of crisis, which system predominantly stimulates the body?
- Sympathetic nervous system (correct)
- Somatic nervous system
- Enteric nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the adrenergic system?
What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the adrenergic system?
- Norepinephrine (correct)
- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine
- Serotonin
Which enzyme converts histidine into histamine?
Which enzyme converts histidine into histamine?
What is one of the primary roles of the serotonergic system?
What is one of the primary roles of the serotonergic system?
What is the final product of the epinephrine pathway?
What is the final product of the epinephrine pathway?
In which area does acetaminophen primarily exert its effects?
In which area does acetaminophen primarily exert its effects?
Which neurotransmitter pathway does not involve cAMP as a primary mechanism?
Which neurotransmitter pathway does not involve cAMP as a primary mechanism?
What type of neurons are contained in the Dorsal Root of the spinal column?
What type of neurons are contained in the Dorsal Root of the spinal column?
Which structure is responsible for carrying motor signals down the spinal cord?
Which structure is responsible for carrying motor signals down the spinal cord?
Which statement describes the post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which statement describes the post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?
What type of receptors do post-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system target?
What type of receptors do post-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system target?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?
What characterizes the autonomic tone of autonomic motor neurons?
What characterizes the autonomic tone of autonomic motor neurons?
Which types of receptors are always excitatory when activated by acetylcholine?
Which types of receptors are always excitatory when activated by acetylcholine?
Flashcards
What does the dorsal root carry?
What does the dorsal root carry?
The dorsal root of the spinal cord carries sensory neurons, which transmit information from the body to the central nervous system (CNS).
What does the ventral root carry?
What does the ventral root carry?
The ventral root of the spinal cord carries motor neurons, which transmit signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.
What do motor neurons do?
What do motor neurons do?
Motor neurons are responsible for sending signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, causing them to contract or secrete.
What do sensory neurons do?
What do sensory neurons do?
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What is a reflex arc?
What is a reflex arc?
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What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
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What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
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What is autonomic tone?
What is autonomic tone?
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Autonomic Plexuses
Autonomic Plexuses
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Autonomic Tone
Autonomic Tone
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Dual Innervation
Dual Innervation
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Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
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Norepinephrine (NE)
Norepinephrine (NE)
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Epinephrine Pathway
Epinephrine Pathway
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Dopamine Pathway
Dopamine Pathway
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Study Notes
Chapter 13: Spinal Column Structure
- The posterior root is the dorsal root, containing sensory neurons.
- The spinal (dorsal) root ganglion also holds sensory neurons.
- The anterior root is the ventral root, housing motor neurons.
- Motor neurons send signals from the CNS, traveling down the spinal cord.
- Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS, traveling upwards towards the brain.
- A reflex arc involves a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, CNS processing, motor neuron, and effector.
Chapter 16: PNS and SNS
- The sympathetic system originates in the thoracolumbar region (T1-L2).
- Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are short and myelinated.
- Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are long and unmyelinated.
- Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are adrenergic.
- The parasympathetic system originates in craniosacral regions.
- Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are long and myelinated.
- Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are short and unmyelinated.
- Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are cholinergic.
- Sympathetic systems generally increase or dilate, whereas para-sympathetic systems generally decrease or constrict.
- The "MANTRA" for synaptic transmitters: cholinergic neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) is released by all preganglionic neurons in both systems, and by postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic. Adrenergic neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and epinephrine) are used by postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Dual Innervation
- Autonomic plexuses are nerve networks in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, formed by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
- The heart receives dual innervation.
- Acetylcholine (ACh) slows heart rate while norepinephrine (NE) speeds it up.
- Parasympathetic dominates during rest, but sympathetic takes over in times of stress.
Autonomic Pathways
- Parasympathetic pathways involve ganglia near target organs.
- Cholinergic pathways use ACh at all synapses.
- Sympathetic pathways use ganglia near the spinal cord.
- Norepinephrine is released at the target organ.
Postganglionic Autonomic Neurotransmitters
- Sympathetic division uses norepinephrine (NE), with alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.
- Parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine (ACh), with muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
- Acetylcholinesterase inactivates ACh; MAO inactivates NE.
Adrenergic, Dopaminergic, and Serotonergic Synapses
- Diagrams illustrate neurotransmitter synthesis, release, reuptake, and inactivation in these pathways.
- Various drugs influence these pathways, with specific target receptors and effects.
Agonists and Antagonists of Neurotransmitter Receptors
- Cholinergic receptors have muscarinic and nicotinic types,
- Adrenergic receptors have alpha and beta subtypes.
- Agonists and antagonists bind to receptors, affecting the neurotransmitter's action.
Properties of Adrenergic Receptors
- Different adrenergic receptors (α1, α2, β1, β2, β3) have distinct locations and responses to norepinephrine and epinephrine.
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