68 Questions
According to Mayer's glucostatic theory, what did he claim about blood sugar level and hunger?
Low blood sugar level in arteries and veins leads to feeling hungry.
What did Mayer find significant correlations between, according to his glucostatic theory?
Differences in blood sugar level and hunger.
What is the primary source of energy used by the brain, according to the text?
Glucose (blood sugar)
What effect does digestion have on hunger and satiety, according to the text?
Digestion results in breakdown products that affect hunger and satiety.
What happens when BSL is artificially reduced by 50%?
Caloric intake increases by 200% over a control meal
What is the role of leptin in the body?
Inhibition of hunger and stimulation of satiety
What happens to leptin levels during fasting?
Leptin levels may drop, stimulating appetite
What happens to leptin-deficient mice?
They become obese
What does insulin regulate?
Carbohydrate metabolism and has a range of metabolic effects
What can lack of insulin lead to?
High BSL and severe complications
What does Type II diabetes involve?
Cells becoming resistant to insulin
What are the effects of rising insulin levels before a meal?
Triggering hunger
Which hormone released by the gut affects gall bladder contraction and reduces food intake?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What do rising insulin levels during a meal signal?
The body's response to an influx of nutrients, indicating the need to end the meal
What is the concept of lipostatic theory based on?
The concept of a set point for fat
What may lead to enhanced food intake due to gut adaptation and faster fat absorption?
Fatty food
What is the role of insulin in promoting lipid uptake?
Promoting lipid uptake into fat cells
Which macronutrient is more filling than carbohydrate food, mediated by the small intestine?
Protein-based food
What does leptin secretion follow?
A circadian rhythm
What does glucagon, released by the pancreas, do to blood glucose levels and food intake?
Increases blood glucose levels and reduces food intake
Which theory's control of short-term food intake seems unlikely in normal day-to-day situations?
Glucostatic theory
What plays a role in satiation and satiety, affecting food intake and stomach emptying?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What impacts hunger and fullness through caloric density, nutrient type, and texture, influencing intake and satiety?
Food type
What is associated with lower body weight due to slower eating rate and greater satiety?
Crunchier diets
What may lead to increased intake due to associative learning and the association of a particular flavor with low calories?
Low-calorie food
What affects hunger and fullness through caloric density, nutrient type, and texture, influencing intake and satiety?
Food type
What is released by the gut and affects gall bladder contraction, reducing food intake?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What is more satiating than liquid food, affecting gastric emptying and stomach stretch?
Solid food
Which theory is primarily linked to long-term energy intake control?
Lipostatic theory
What is a significant consideration in appetite control?
Redundancy
Which brain area is implicated in weight regulation?
Hypothalamus
Which theory is linked to blood sugar level sensitivity in the hypothalamus?
Glucostatic theory
Which brain area is considered a hunger center?
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
According to the general model proposed by Elliot Stellar, which brain area is considered a satiety center?
Ventro Medial Hypothalamus (VMH)
What is a significant issue related to evidence supporting the general model proposed by Elliot Stellar?
Specificity of target behavior affected by lesions
Which brain area is indicated by neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence to be involved in feeding-related activities?
All of the above
Which brain area is not directly mentioned in the text as being involved in feeding-related activities?
Cerebellum
What type of tumor did RD have?
Craniopharyngioma
What is the primary influence on short-term energy intake control?
Psychological factors
What is the primary effect of lesioning the Ventro Medial Hypothalamus (VMH) in rats?
Inducing hyperphagia
Which brain areas, when damaged, can lead to abnormal eating patterns?
Amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex
What did the case of patient HM suggest about the control of eating?
It may be under greater cognitive control than previously believed
What role does memory play in food intake?
Recalling what has been eaten can reduce food intake
Which neurotransmitters have been a significant focus of research for drug development in treating obesity and anorexia?
Serotonin and Dopamine
What effect does raising levels of Serotonin and Dopamine have on eating?
Inhibit eating
What role does Neuropeptide Y (NY) play in eating?
Increases eating
What has research revealed about the eating behavior of amnesiac patients with hippocampal damage?
They readily eat second meals shortly after the first, without explicit awareness of having eaten just before
What impact can diets rich in saturated fat and added sugar have on the hippocampus?
Selective damage
What impact can distraction have on food intake?
Increase food intake
What is the role of the hypothalamus in eating behavior?
Regulates hunger and satiety
What is the impact of the presence of nutrients in the gut on Neuropeptide Y (NY)?
Central suppression, reducing eating
How can neurochemical modulation of appetite impact eating behavior?
Significantly influence eating behavior
Which neurotransmitter system has been targeted by many recent weight-loss drugs?
Dopamine (DA)
What is the primary effect of Serotonin (SE) increase on eating behavior?
Reduces meal size
What impact does an increase in Neuropeptide Y (NY) in the Hypothalamus have on eating?
Increases eating
What does the protein PYY released in response to the presence of nutrients in the gut lead to?
Central suppression of Neuropeptide Y (NY)
What does Apolipoprotein A-IV (ap-A-IV) do in relation to appetite?
Reduces appetite
What does the boundary model of eating behavior propose?
Psychological and environmental variables mainly determine eating behavior
What is the impact of high levels of leptin on the Paraventricular nucleus of the Hypothalamus (PVN)?
Alters PVN cell function, reducing food intake
What does corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) do when injected into a rat's brain?
Reduces food intake
What does the knockout mice lacking the Neuropeptide Y (NY) gene indicate?
NY has no impact on eating behavior
What does the presence of ap-A-IV in the blood indicate?
High nutrient density of food
What happens when CCK is released in the intestine?
Affects vagal function, reducing food intake
What is the role of intracerebral corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) in body weight regulation?
Increases set point of body weight
What is the primary influence on short-term energy intake control according to the text?
Biological variables
What is the impact of high CRH levels according to the text?
Increased food intake
What is the primary strategy to ensure multiple redundant systems for initiating feeding according to the text?
Evolutionary
What is the role of Grehlin in the hypothalamus according to the text?
Increases eating
Study Notes
Neural Correlates of Feeding and Memory
- Neuropsychology can explore the neural correlates of feeding through damage to various brain areas resulting in unusual eating behavior.
- Specific brain areas, such as the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, when damaged, can lead to abnormal eating patterns.
- Lesions in certain brain areas can aid in understanding the function of specific brain regions and raise important issues in biological models of eating.
- HM, a patient with dense anterograde amnesia, exhibited unusual eating behavior, consuming multiple meals shortly after each other without changes in hunger or fullness reports.
- HM's case suggests that the control of eating may be under greater cognitive control than previously believed, indicating the importance of cognition in regulating food intake.
- Research on the effects of hippocampal damage on eating has revealed that amnesiac patients readily eat second meals shortly after the first, without explicit awareness of having eaten just before.
- Memory plays a significant role in food intake, as recalling what has been eaten can reduce food intake, while distraction can increase food intake.
- The hippocampus may play a role in regulating food intake, and diets rich in saturated fat and added sugar can selectively damage the hippocampus.
- Neurochemical modulation of appetite, particularly neurotransmitters like Serotonin and Dopamine, has been a significant focus of research for drug development in treating obesity and anorexia.
- Raising levels of Serotonin and Dopamine can inhibit eating, and many drugs used in psychiatry that affect these neurotransmitters can lead to weight disturbances.
- Serotonin increases may induce satiation and satiety by reducing meal size, frequency, and eating rate, and has been targeted in weight-loss drugs.
- Neuropeptide Y (NY) in the hypothalamus increases eating, and the presence of nutrients in the gut can lead to its central suppression, reducing eating.
Explore the neural correlates of feeding and memory in this quiz. Learn about the impact of brain damage on eating behavior, the role of cognition and memory in regulating food intake, and the neurochemical modulation of appetite. Gain insights into the relationship between specific brain areas, neurotransmitters, and eating patterns.
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