Neuropsychology Week One Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which imaging technique visualizes entire neurons and requires dead tissue for analysis?

  • Golgi stain (correct)
  • CT Scan
  • MRI
  • Nissl stain

    • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) relies on detecting changes in blood flow.

    True

    Name the researcher who developed the equipotential theory.

    Pierre Flourens

    The _____ technique uses X-ray beams to produce cross-sectional images of the brain.

    <p>CT Scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following imaging techniques with their primary characteristics:

    <p>MRI = Uses magnets to align hydrogen atoms CT Scan = Provides cross-sectional images of the brain EEG = Records electrical activity of the cortex PET = Uses radioactive tracers to visualize metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal indicate in fMRI?

    <p>Increased neuronal activity results in increased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nissl stain can visualize the entire structure of a neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is considered safer for repeated exposure due to the lack of radiation?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ principle states that each part of the brain participates in more than one function.

    <p>Principle of mass action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following researchers with their contributions:

    <p>Norman Geschwind = Behavioral disturbances due to disconnections Arthur Benton = Neuropsychological measures for RH Karl Lashley = Principle of mass action Oliver Zangwill = Language localization in left-handed people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the CT scan?

    <p>Poor resolution of grey and white matter structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Golgi stain can visualize the inner structure of a neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SPECT stand for?

    <p>Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional imaging that provides information on brain metabolism and neurotransmitter activity is called ______.

    <p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electroencephalography (EEG) measures blood flow in the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuroimaging technique uses radioactive tracers to detect changes in metabolism?

    <p>PET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggested that mental and spiritual processes are located in the brain's ventricles?

    <p>Ventricular Localization Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Cardiac Hypothesis states that the brain is the seat of thought and emotion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the founder of human anatomy?

    <p>Andres Vesalius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Franz Gall, _____ and Phrenology suggest that personality traits are related to the size of brain areas.

    <p>Localization Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the theorists to their contributions:

    <p>Paul Broca = Localization of expressive language Carl Wernicke = Localization of receptive language Hughlings Jackson = Jackson's functional model Sigmund Freud = Complex networks in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of trephination in the Stone Age?

    <p>To relieve pressure in the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of functional imaging in neurology?

    <p>Less expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evoked Potentials measure the brain's response to specific stimuli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pineal gland was considered by Descartes as the control center of mind and body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conditions can be diagnosed and monitored using functional imaging?

    <p>Epilepsy and sleep disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hughlings Jackson propose about higher mental functions?

    <p>Higher mental functions are composed of simpler functions organized hierarchically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is the idea that the brain controls all senses and movements.

    <p>Brain Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) studies involve analyzing the fluid that surrounds the _______.

    <p>brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of Evoked Potentials with their sensory focus:

    <p>Auditory = Hearing Visual = Sight Somatosensory = Touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of pluripotentiality refer to?

    <p>Single neurons can fulfill multiple functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aristotle believed that behavior was entirely divinely controlled.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using Evoked Potentials?

    <p>Requires a controlled environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main assertion of the Localization Theory?

    <p>Different independent organs in the brain are responsible for specific personality or cognitive traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional imaging has a higher spatial resolution than PET scans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is commonly used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis?

    <p>Lumbar puncture or spinal tap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory proposed by Plato divides the soul into reason, spirit, and _____.

    <p>appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The advantage of functional imaging includes capturing rapid changes in brain activity with ________ resolution.

    <p>high temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological model focuses on the interactions and connectivity of brain regions?

    <p>Functional Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of Evoked Potentials?

    <p>Cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebrospinal fluid studies can help diagnose multiple sclerosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using functional imaging?

    <p>Lower spatial resolution compared to PET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ records brain activity in response to specific stimuli in Evoked Potentials.

    <p>electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common application of Evoked Potentials?

    <p>Assessing sensory pathway integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following advantages of Evoked Potentials with their characteristics:

    <p>Specific = Focused measurements Objective measurement = Quantifiable observations Non-invasive = Does not require surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research in Neuropsychology

    • Galen proposed the Ventricular Localization Hypothesis, suggesting mental and spiritual processes reside in the brain's ventricles.
    • Early attempts to localize mental functions led to later inaccuracies known as The Cell Doctrine.

    Earliest Discoveries

    • Trephination in the Stone Age aimed to relieve pressure on the brain by drilling holes in the skull, thought to be a magical healing practice for conditions like epilepsy and schizophrenia.
    • Andreas Vesalius, the founder of human anatomy, moved away from the ventricular theory, positing that overall brain structure mediates mental processes.
    • René Descartes introduced Mind-Body Dualism, proposing a split between mental processes and physical abilities, with the pineal gland acting as a control center.

    Ancient Greek Perspectives

    • Hippocrates argued that the brain is the source of all behavior, controlling senses and movement, and that emotions arise in the brain rather than being divinely controlled.
    • Plato's Tripartite Soul Concept divided the soul into reason, spirit, and appetite, attributing reason to the brain.
    • Aristotle's Cardiac Hypothesis stated that the heart is the seat of thought and emotion.

    Localization Theory

    • Franz Gall's localization theory suggested the brain is composed of independent organs, each responsible for specific traits, and introduced phrenology for personality assessment based on skull shape and size.

    Era of Cortical Localization

    • Paul Broca localized expressive language to the left frontal lobe, while Carl Wernicke localized receptive language understanding to the left temporal lobe.

    Integrated Theories

    • Hughlings Jackson proposed a functional model where higher mental functions are composed of simpler functions within a hierarchical brain structure, with damage to higher levels resulting in loss of complex functions.
    • Alexander Luria developed a functional model with three units in the Central Nervous System (CNS) that regulate arousal, integrate sensory information, and plan and execute behavior.

    Critique of Localization Theory

    • Sigmund Freud emphasized that cognitive functions involve complex networks across the brain, necessitating an understanding of connectivity and interactions for comprehending behavior and cognition.

    Relatively Modern Neuropsychology

    • Advances in technology have significantly improved neuropsychological research and understanding of brain functioning.### Neuroimaging and Cognitive Neuroscience
    • Expansion in research areas, notably cognitive neuroscience, allows for deeper understanding of brain functions.

    Localization vs Equipotentiality

    • Equipotentiality Theory: Proposed by Pierre Flourens, asserting that brain regions can perform many functions and can compensate for damages.
    • Key Contributors:
      • Henry Hecaen: Explored functional properties of the right hemisphere (RH).
      • Arthur Benton: Developed methods for assessing RH capabilities.
      • Karl Lashley: Advocated the principle of mass action; behavior impairment correlates with the amount of tissue removed.
      • Norman Geschwind: Linked behavioral disturbances to disconnections in brain networks.
      • Muriel Lezak: Developed assessment methodologies in neuropsychology.

    Research Methods: Structural Imaging

    • Microscopic Brain Structure Analysis is essential for understanding neuronal organization.
    • Key Techniques:
      • Golgi Stain: Visualizes entire neurons to study structural details and networks.
      • Nissl Stain: Highlights neuronal cell bodies for examining density and arrangement.
    • CT Scans:
      • Provides cross-sectional images using X-rays.
      • Useful for detecting lesions and tumors; quick but limited resolution.
    • MRI:
      • Offers detailed images by aligning hydrogen atoms; safer for repeated exposure.
      • Commonly used for detecting lesions with high sensitivity but is time-consuming and expensive.

    Functional Neuroimaging

    • fMRI (Functional MRI):
      • Measures brain activity through blood flow changes; useful for brain mapping and assessing metabolic activity.
      • Non-invasive with high spatial resolution but slower temporal resolution.
    • PET (Positron Emission Tomography):
      • Visualizes metabolic processes using radioactive tracers.
      • Essential for diagnosing neurological disorders, although it involves radiation.
    • SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography):
      • Similar to PET but focuses on blood flow; involves radioactive tracers.

    Electrophysiological Procedures

    • EEG (Electroencephalography):
      • Records electrical activity of the brain, with a focus on brain wave patterns.
      • Non-invasive, useful for monitoring conditions like epilepsy, but has lower spatial resolution.
    • Evoked Potentials (EPs):
      • Assesses brain responses to stimuli; applicable in diagnosing neurological issues like multiple sclerosis.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies

    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):
      • Involves analysis of fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
      • Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) used for sampling; important for diagnosing neurological conditions.

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    PSY3010S Research in Neuropsychology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the foundational concepts of neuropsychology, focusing on the contributions of Galen and the Ventricular Localization Hypothesis. Explore the historical context of brain anatomy and research methods in understanding mental processes. Test your knowledge of early perspectives in neuropsychological research.

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