Neuropsychology: Brain Structure and Function

Study Notes

The brain weighs approximately 1.4 kg and is one of the largest brain sizes in the animal kingdom.
It consists of a vast network of cells known as neurons and is protected by layers of tissue and cerebrospinal fluid.
The brain controls numerous vital functions, including breathing, and is divided into two hemispheres.

Cerebrum: Upper part of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions.
Frontal Lobe: Involved in decision-making, problem-solving, concentration, attention, and voluntary movement (motor cortex).
Parietal Lobe: Responsible for perception, recognition, sense of touch, and spatial awareness.
Temporal Lobe: Key for memory functions and language comprehension; includes Wernicke’s area crucial for speech.
Occipital Lobe: Primarily responsible for vision, depth perception, and color recognition.
Cerebellum: Regulates balance and coordination.

Functions are lateralized between the hemispheres, influencing skills such as speech and reasoning.
Left hemisphere typically handles language and analytical tasks, while the right hemisphere is more involved in spatial tasks and creativity.

The brain communicates with the body through the spinal cord.
The brainstem plays a critical role in relaying information and managing reflex actions.

Damage to specific brain regions can lead to cognitive and behavioral issues.
For example, damage to the parietal lobe can impair touch perception and facial recognition, affecting daily functioning.

Damasio et al. (1994): Examined the impact of brain damage on emotional processing and decision-making.
Sperry (1968): Conducted research on split-brain patients, providing insights into lateralization of brain function.

The study of psychology has transformed over time, adapting with advancements in neuropsychology and related fields.
Discussions include how theoretical perspectives have influenced understanding of brain-behavior relationships.