Topologies

Networking Terminology

• LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects computers over a small area, such as a room, floor, or building.
• Online/Offline: Online indicates the ability to access the network, while offline means unable to access it.
• Up/Down: "Up" means the computer is functioning properly; "down" suggests it is turned off, malfunctioning, or undergoing maintenance.
• Local/Remote: Local refers to resources or components on one's own computer, while remote indicates they are located on another computer.
• Internet/Intranet: The internet is a global public network, whereas an intranet is a private internal network within an organization.

Understanding the Network

• Node: Any device connected to the network.
• Segment: A division of the network separated by devices like switches, bridges, or routers.
• Backbone: The primary cabling that forms the main structure of a network.
• Topology: The physical or logical arrangement of network nodes.
  • Physical Topology: Describes the actual layout of cables and connections.
  • Logical Topology: Defines the path of data transmission across the network.

Clients and Servers

• Network Clients: Computers requesting resources or services from the network.
• Network Servers: More powerful computers that manage resources and provide services to clients, operating on a Network Operating System for enhanced security and management.

Peer-to-Peer Networks

• Characterized by equal status among all computers with no central administration, also known as a workgroup.
• Advantages:
  • Low cost
  • Simple configuration
  • Full accessibility for users
• Disadvantages:
  • Challenges in enforcing security
  • Difficult to manage load distribution

Client/Server Networks

• Advantages:
  • Centralized resource sharing and management
  • Improved backup and fault tolerance
  • Enhanced security through administrative control
  • Better support for multiple users
• Disadvantages:
  • Higher costs due to server infrastructure
  • Requires expertise for network configuration

Types of Networks

• Local Area Network (LAN): Small networks limited by distance and number of computers, serving specific departments or locations like homes or offices.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): Connects multiple LANs across large distances (towns, states, countries).
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Links users within a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
• Personal Area Network (PAN): Interconnects devices within a personal workspace.
• Storage Area Network (SAN): High-speed network providing dedicated storage access.
• Wireless LAN (WLAN): A local network using wireless communication for connection within limited areas.

Connection Types

• Point-to-Point: Direct connection between two devices (e.g., computer to printer).
• Multipoint: Connection involving three or more devices, also referred to as multidrop.

Network Topologies

• BUS: Uses a long central cable (backbone) with connections for each node (drop cables).
• RING: Circular configuration where each node connects to two adjacent nodes, forming a closed loop.
• STAR: Centralized model with a hub or switch where all devices connect through individual links.
• MESH: Highly interconnected design where each device connects to multiple others, though impractical due to resource requirements.

Topology Characteristics

• Considerations include installation ease, reconfiguration flexibility, troubleshooting simplicity, and the number of devices impacted by media failures.