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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'flow control' refer to in message timing?
Which message delivery method involves sending messages to multiple specific recipients?
What type of protocol is designed to ensure secure communication over a network?
In which protocol does the addressing function play a vital role?
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What describes the full-duplex communication method?
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Which protocol is primarily responsible for converting domain names into IP addresses?
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What is the purpose of error detection in network protocols?
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Which of the following is a function of routing protocols?
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What is the primary function of a Network Interface Card (NIC)?
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Which type of network is primarily used within a small geographic area, such as a home or small business?
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What distinguishes the Internet from a LAN or WAN?
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What type of internet connection uses a dedicated circuit reserved for private networking?
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Which internet connection type is considered to have the lowest bandwidth and is useful for mobile access?
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Which type of network allows external users secure access to certain resources within an organization?
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What is the primary characteristic of a Wide Area Network (WAN)?
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Which internet connection utilizes a cell phone to provide access to the internet?
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What is the primary function of a Network Interface Card (NIC)?
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Which term describes the time it takes for data to travel from one point to another?
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What does 'attenuation' refer to in the context of copper cabling?
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Which type of copper cabling is known for having better protection against interference?
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What is 'goodput' a measure of?
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Which limitation is caused by signals traveling long distances in copper cabling?
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What characterizes Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cabling?
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Which statement best describes the significance of signaling in the physical layer?
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What is the primary purpose of the TCP/IP protocol suite?
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Which of the following describes the main function of the Domain Name System (DNS)?
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Which protocol is primarily used for transferring files over a network with reliable delivery?
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What distinguishes TCP from UDP in network communication?
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What is the primary function of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)?
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Which protocol is specifically designed for secure data transmission over the web?
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Which of the following is true regarding the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model?
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What purpose does the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) serve?
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Which of the following accurately describes the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
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Which IPv6 functionality allows devices to obtain addressing information without a DHCP server?
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What is the main purpose of Network Address Translation (NAT)?
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Which protocol is used to dynamically assign IPv4 address information to clients?
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What type of protocol is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)?
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What happens to a transmitted frame if its size is below the minimum or above the maximum?
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What is the format of an Ethernet MAC address?
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Which of the following describes a unicast MAC address?
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What is the destination MAC address of a broadcast frame?
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When a NIC receives an Ethernet frame, what does it check against?
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What characterizes an Ethernet multicast frame?
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What is the effect of a collision on transmitted frames?
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What type of MAC address is used exclusively for communication to multiple specific devices in a multicast group?
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Study Notes
Additional Terminologies
- NIC (Network Interface Card): Physically connects an end device to the network.
- Physical Port: The point where the network media connects, usually a connector or outlet.
- Interface: Specialized ports connecting to individual networks. Routers connect networks using ports called network interfaces.
Common Types of Networks
- LAN (Local Area Network): Connects users and devices within a small geographic area, such as departments within enterprises, homes, or small businesses. Offers high-speed bandwidth and is usually administered by an individual or organization.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects networks across wide geographic areas, typically owned by large corporations or telecommunication service providers. Connects LANs over broader geographical regions.
- The Internet (Internetwork): A collection of interconnected networks, not owned by any individual or group.
- Intranet: Private connections of LANs and WANs belonging to a private organization, accessible only to the organization's members, employees, etc.
- Extranet: Provides secure access to people outside an organization, often used for collaboration or specific partnerships.
Internet Connections
Home and Small Office Connections
- Cable: Uses the same cable as cable television service providers to transmit internet data signals.
- DSL: Digital Subscriber Line, running over a standard telephone line, commonly used for home and small offices connecting to the internet using ADSL.
- Cellular: Utilizes a cellular phone to connect to the internet, relying on a cellular tower.
- Satellite: Offers wide availability, requiring a clear line of sight to the satellite.
- Dial-up Telephone: An inexpensive option using a phone and modem, providing low bandwidth and useful for mobile access while traveling.
Business Connections (Higher Bandwidth Required)
- Dedicated Lease Lines: Reserved circuits within a service provider's network, connecting geographically separated offices for dedicated voice or data networking. Rented on a monthly or yearly basis.
Message Timing
- Flow Control: Managing the rate of data transmission.
- Response Timeout: Determining how long to wait for responses and specifying actions if timeout occurs.
- Access Method: Handles situations involving information collisions or determining line availability.
- Full-duplex: Communication in both directions simultaneously.
- Half-duplex: Communication in only one direction at a time.
Message Delivery Options
- Unicast: Delivering a message from one sender to one specific receiver.
- Multicast: Delivering a message to multiple receivers within a defined group, but not all.
- Broadcast: Delivering a message to all receivers on a network.
Protocols
- Network Protocols: Define a common format and rules for exchanging data between devices, implemented in software, hardware, or both. Each protocol serves a specific function, format, and communication rules.
Types of Protocols
- Network Communications Protocols: Enable communication between multiple devices over multiple networks.
- Network Security Protocols: Secure data transmission through authentication, data integrity, and encryption.
- Routing Protocols: Allow routers to exchange routing information, compare paths, and choose the optimal path to a destination network.
- Service Discovery Protocols: Automatically detect devices or services on a network.
Examples of Protocols
- IP: Internet Protocol
- TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
- HTTP: Hyper-text Transfer Protocol
- SSH: Secure Shell
- SSL: Secure Sockets Layer
- TLS: Transport Layer Security
- OSPF: Open Shortest Path First
- BGP: Border Gateway Protocol
- DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- DNS: Domain Name System
Network Protocol Functions
- Addressing: Identifying senders and receivers using a predefined scheme.
- Reliability: Ensuring guaranteed delivery mechanisms for situations where messages might be lost or corrupted in transit.
- Flow Control: Regulating data flow for efficient transmission.
- Sequencing: Uniquely labeling each transmitted data segment.
- Error Detection: Detecting potential data corruption during transmission.
- Application Interface: Containing information for process-to-process communication between network applications.
Protocol Suites
- Designed to work seamlessly together.
- Groups of interconnected protocols necessary to perform a communication function.
Evolution of Protocol Suites
- TCP/IP: The most commonly used protocol suite today.
- OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Protocol: Developed jointly in 1977, known for its layered model.
- Apple Talk: A short-lived proprietary protocol suite released by Apple Inc (1985).
- Novell Netware: A short-lived proprietary protocol suite and network operating system developed by Novell Inc (1983).
Brief Descriptions of Some Protocols
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Application Layer*
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Name System
- DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names into IP addresses.
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Host Config
- DHCPv4: Dynamics Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4, automatically assigning IPv4 addressing information to clients at startup and recycling addresses when no longer needed.
- DHCPv6: DHCP for IPv6, dynamically assigning IPv6 addressing information to DHCPv6 clients at startup.
- SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration): A method allowing devices to obtain their IPv6 addressing information without a dedicated server.
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Email
- SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, enabling servers to send email to other servers.
- POP3 (Post Office Protocol Version 3): Allows clients to retrieve email from a mail server and download it to their local application.
- IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Enables clients to access email stored on a mail server and maintain the email on the server.
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File Transfer
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Allows a user to access and transfer files over a network, providing a reliable connection-oriented and acknowledged file delivery protocol.
- SFTP: SSH File Transfer Protocol, an extension of the Secure Shell Protocol used to establish secure file transfer sessions with encryption.
- TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): A simple, connectionless file transfer protocol with best-effort unacknowledged file delivery. Uses less overhead than FTP.
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Web and Web Services
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): A set of rules for exchanging text, images, audio, video, and other multimedia files over the WWW.
- HTTPS: HTTP Secure, a secure form of HTTP that encrypts data exchanged over the WWW.
- REST (Representational State Transfer): A web service that uses Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and HTTP requests to create web applications.
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Transport Layer*
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Connection-Oriented
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Enables reliable communication between processes running on separate hosts, offering readable, acknowledged transmissions that confirm successful delivery.
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Connectionless
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Allows a process running on one host to send packets to a process on another host, without confirmation of successful transmission.
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Internet Layer*
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Internet Protocol
- IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4): Receives message segments from the Transport Layer, packages them into packets, and addresses them for end-to-end delivery over a network. Uses a 32-bit address.
- IPv6 (IP Version 6): Similar to IPv4 but uses a 128-bit address.
- NAT (Network Address Translation): Translates IPv4 addresses from a private network to globally unique public IPv4 addresses.
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Messaging
- ICMPv4 (Internet Control Message Protocol): Provides feedback from a destination host to the source regarding errors in packet delivery.
- ICMPv6: ICMP for IPv6.
- ICMPv6 ND: ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery. Includes protocol messages for address resolution and duplicate address detection.
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Routing Protocols*
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OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): A link-state routing protocol using a hierarchical design based on areas. An open standard interior routing protocol.
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EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol): An open standard routing protocol developed by Cisco, using a composite metric based on bandwidth, delay, load, and reliability.
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BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): An open standard exterior gateway routing protocol used for communication between internet service providers. Commonly used between ISPs and large private clients to exchange routing information.
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Network Access Layer*
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Address Resolution
- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Dynamically maps IPv4 addresses to hardware addresses.
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Data Link Protocols*
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Ethernet: Defines wiring and signaling standards for the network access layer.
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WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): Defines rules for wireless signaling across the 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz radio frequencies.
Standard Organizations
- Open Standards: Encourage interoperability, competition, and innovation among network component manufacturers. Guarantee that no single company can monopolize the market or have an unfair advantage.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
- A hardware component enabling a computer or device to connect to a network, typically a LAN or the internet.
Functional Areas of a Physical Layer Standard
- Physical Components: Hardware devices, media, and connectors transmitting signals representing bits.
- Encoding: Converting the stream of bits into a format recognizable by the next device in the network path.
- Signaling: Represents bit values ("1" and "0") on the physical medium.
Bandwidth Terminologies
- Bandwidth: The capacity at which a medium can carry data.
- Latency: The time taken for data to travel between two points.
- Throughput: The measure of bits transferred over a given period of time.
- Goodput: The measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time.
Copper Cabling
- Most common type of cabling used in networks today.
- Inexpensive and easy to install, with low resistance to electrical current flow.
Limitations of Copper Cabling
- Attenuation: Signal strength weakens over longer distances.
- Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): External electromagnetic fields can disrupt electronic devices and systems.
- Radio Frequency Interference (RFI): Can interfere with radio communication devices.
- Crosstalk: Signals in one channel can interfere with signals in nearby channels, leading to noise and data corruption.
Types of Copper Cabling
- Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP): Most common networking media.
- Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP): More expensive and harder to install, offers better protection than UTP.
- Coaxial Cable: Commonly used in wireless installations and cable internet connections.
UTP Cabling
- Four pairs of color-coded copper wires twisted together and enclosed in a flexible plastic sheath.
Gigabit Ethernet
- Offers a maximum speed of 1 Gigabit per second.
- Frames can be between 64 bytes and 9216 bytes (jumbo frames).
- If a transmitted frame size is less than the minimum or greater than the maximum, the receiving device drops the frame. These frames are considered invalid.
Ethernet MAC Address
- In an Ethernet LAN, every network device is connected to the same shared media.
- MAC address is a unique 48-bit address expressed using 12 hexadecimal digits (6 bytes).
- MAC addressing allows for device identification at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model.
Frame Processing
- When a device forwards a message on an Ethernet network, the Ethernet header includes a Source MAC address and a Destination MAC address.
- When a NIC receives an Ethernet frame, it examines the Destination MAC address against the physical MAC address stored in RAM.
- If there's a match, the frame is passed up the OSI layers for de-encapsulation.
- If there's no match, the frame is discarded.
Types of Delivery Options in Ethernet MAC Address
- Unicast MAC Address: A unique address used when sending a frame from one transmitting device to one specific destination device.
- Broadcast MAC Address: Has a destination MAC address of FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF (hexadecimal), flooded out all Ethernet switch ports except the incoming port. Not forwarded by a router.
- Multicast MAC Address: Received and processed by a group of devices belonging to the same multicast group. Has a destination MAC address of 01-00-5E for IPv4 multicast packets, and 33-33 for IPv6 multicast packets. Other reserved multicast addresses exist when the encapsulated data is not IP, like Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
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Description
This quiz covers essential network terminologies such as NIC, physical ports, and interfaces. It also explores common types of networks, including LAN, WAN, the Internet, and Intranets. Test your understanding of these concepts and their applications in networking.
