Chapter 4
100 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a routing algorithm in a router?

  • To receive and process user data
  • To encrypt data for secure transmission
  • To manage network security protocols
  • To calculate values for forwarding tables (correct)

How do routing algorithms in different routers communicate?

  • Through direct physical connections
  • By using network switches
  • By exchanging routing messages via a routing protocol (correct)
  • Through periodic manual updates by operators

Which layer does the control plane belong to in relation to routing?

  • Network layer (correct)
  • Application layer
  • Data link layer
  • Transport layer

What role do forwarding tables play in a router's function?

<p>To direct incoming packets to the appropriate output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the forwarding function from the routing function?

<p>Forwarding is concerned with packet transmission while routing involves path selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically contained in the routing messages exchanged between routers?

<p>Information for calculating forward tables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional functionalities can 'middleboxes' perform beyond basic packet forwarding?

<p>Firewall functions and traffic shaping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of networks incorporates the generalized form of packet forwarding?

<p>Software-defined networks (SDN) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a traditional router, what is the primary responsibility of the routing processor?

<p>Executing routing protocols and maintaining routing tables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the output port handle packets?

<p>It stores packets and transmits them on the outgoing link after processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is performed by the routing processor in SDN routers?

<p>Communicate with the remote controller to receive and install forwarding table entries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might cause a bottleneck in the car routing analogy described?

<p>Slow processing by the attendant at the entry station (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lookup function at the input port?

<p>To consult the forwarding table for the appropriate output port. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is not performed by the input port in a router?

<p>Generating data packets for outgoing transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of separating control-plane functionality from the physical router?

<p>It enables centralized management through a remote controller. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the remote controller compute and distribute forwarding tables?

<p>By exchanging messages with routers containing routing information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of software-defined networking (SDN), what does the term 'software-defined' refer to?

<p>The implementation of network control in software. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of innovation is encouraged by open-source software implementations in SDN?

<p>Collaboration and contributions from third-party developers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the control-plane approach in SDN?

<p>The control functions are embedded within the physical routers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of information is typically found in the messages exchanged between routers and the remote controller?

<p>Forwarding tables and routing information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the local forwarding table play within a router in an SDN architecture?

<p>It directs incoming packets based on predefined criteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the relationship between routers and the remote controller?

<p>Routers rely on the remote controller for computation of forwarding paths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of utilizing software-defined networking principles?

<p>Greater flexibility and adaptability in network configurations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If packets are destined for the same output port, they will queue because the output port can only transmit one packet in a unit of time.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forwarding is one of the functions implemented in the data plane.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The network layer is primarily responsible for managing the routing of packets.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Routers are essential components in establishing network communication.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Packet forwarding does not involve any decision-making processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data plane operations are separate from control plane functions in SDN.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Routers can operate independently of other network devices.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human operators are more likely to configure forwarding tables faster than routing protocols.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each router in a traditional routing approach operates independently without communicating with other routers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the SDN approach, a remote controller computes and assigns the forwarding tables for each router.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A physically separate controller is a characteristic of the traditional router approach.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The forwarding function is part of the control plane while the routing function is part of the data plane.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a network topology, it is beneficial for forwarding tables to be error-prone and slow to change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All networks possess both forwarding and routing functionalities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Routing functionality has seen no changes from traditional to modern approaches.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The longest prefix matching rule is used by routers to determine which packet to forward.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A forwarding table in SDN always has only one matching entry for any given destination address.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the router do when it finds a match with the prefix of a packet's destination address?

<p>Forwards the packet to the corresponding link interface. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a router determine its next action when processing an incoming packet?

<p>By checking the prefix of the destination address against the entries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the routing processor in traditional routers primarily function?

<p>It executes routing protocols and updates routing tables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the responsibilities of the routing processor in SDN routers in terms of communication?

<p>It communicates with the remote controller to receive and install forwarding table entries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of utilizing a generalized set of packet header fields for forwarding decisions?

<p>It allows for more flexible and nuanced forwarding decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the basic operation of forwarding in a router?

<p>Using the destination address to forward packets to output ports. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functionalities of the network layer within the context of data plane operations?

<p>Forwarding packets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between forwarding and routing in network operations?

<p>Forwarding is a function implemented in the data plane, while routing usually occurs in the control plane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the role of routers in managing network communication?

<p>Routers are essential for both packet forwarding and routing decisions, operating collaboratively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between link-layer switches and routers?

<p>Routers base forwarding on network-layer datagrams, while link-layer switches use link-layer frames. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'packet switch' as used in networking?

<p>A general device that forwards packets based on header field values in a packet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes the data plane in relation to routers?

<p>The data plane handles the actual transfer of packets between incoming and outgoing links. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is unique to routers compared to other packet-switching devices?

<p>Utilization of network-layer datagrams for forwarding decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between forwarding and routing as discussed in networking?

<p>Routing determines the path packets take while forwarding involves the actual transfer to the outgoing link. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the term 'control plane' in networking?

<p>It manages the decision-making processes related to routing and packet forwarding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the forwarding function within a router's operation?

<p>It directs packets from incoming links to appropriate outgoing links based on header information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of header field values imply in the context of forwarding packets?

<p>It is a method that helps determine the next hop for packet transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interaction between the data plane and control plane influence routing?

<p>The control plane defines routing pathways that the data plane executes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the significance of forwarding tables in packet routing?

<p>A unique packet header value determines the specific output interface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of routing on the network layer's data-plane functionality?

<p>It provides the necessary configurations for forwarding tables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Routing protocols are typically less error-prone than manual configuration of forwarding tables.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the SDN approach, routing functionality is solely managed within individual routers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Address aggregation is used to minimize the size of routing tables by combining multiple routes into a single route.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subnetwork practices generally aim to maximize the number of available IP addresses in a network.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Middleboxes serve additional functions beyond basic packet forwarding, such as traffic monitoring and security.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices on a home network to share a single public IP address.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DHCP protocol provides a method for manually assigning IP addresses to devices on a network.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

RFC 1918 defines reserved address space for private networks, including the 10.0.0.0/8 range.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A NAT-enabled router requires all devices on the home network to have unique public IP addresses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Open source implementations of DHCP are not available from any organization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subnetting allows organizations to efficiently manage IP address allocation based on their network size and needs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

NAT can simplify the connection between peers behind NAT servers and DHCP-provided addresses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Middleboxes are devices that enhance network performance by solely focusing on packet forwarding.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Internet Protocol (IP) supports both IPv4 and IPv6 for addressing devices on a network.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPv4 addressing is exclusively used without any concerns over versioning or upgrades.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Routing protocols are primarily implemented in the control plane.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hierarchical address allocation helps reduce the size of routing tables by grouping addresses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subnetting practices are used to divide a single network into smaller, manageable sub-networks.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Generalized forwarding allows routers to make forwarding decisions based on additional criteria beyond traditional destination addresses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In software-defined networking (SDN), the data plane and control plane are often tightly coupled.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Middleboxes are network devices that can manipulate traffic based on policies and protocols beyond standard routing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices on a local network to share a single public IP address.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) assigns static IP addresses to devices on a network.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The routing table is the primary structural element for forwarding decisions in middleboxes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In software-defined networking (SDN), the routing functionality is performed mainly by the local forwarding table.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Address aggregation helps in reducing the size of routing tables in a network.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Network Address Translation (NAT) is used to translate private IP addresses into public ones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) assigns IP addresses statically to devices in a network.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Generalized forwarding refers to routing methods that can handle various types and formats of data packets uniformly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Middleboxes primarily function to compute forwarding tables for routing decisions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a hierarchical address allocation structure, more specific subnet addresses can be derived from a single larger address block.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Routing protocols are responsible for dynamically exchanging forwarding table updates between routers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subnetting is the practice of dividing a single IP network into multiple smaller networks to improve its management.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of control-plane functions in SDN allows for routers to make independent decisions without centralized control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do middleboxes play in network communications?

<p>They perform additional processing beyond basic packet forwarding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily managed by DHCP in a home or corporate network?

<p>Dynamic assignment of IP addresses to devices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using Network Address Translation (NAT) in a home network?

<p>It allows multiple devices to share a single public IP address. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of DHCP is primarily addressed by open source implementations?

<p>Dynamic allocation of IP addresses to devices on a network. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the purpose of a middlebox in network architecture?

<p>It provides additional functionalities such as traffic management and security. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a core characteristic of generalized forwarding in networking?

<p>It can make forwarding decisions based on a variety of header fields. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Routing Algorithm

A set of rules that determine the contents of forwarding tables in routers.

Forwarding Table

A table in a router that specifies how to route packets based on the packet's header.

Routing Function

The process of determining the best path for data packets to travel through a network, typically between routers.

Data Plane

The part of a router that performs forwarding, which moves the packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Plane

The part of a route that handles routing decisions and exchanging routing information with other routers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Routing Protocol

A set of rules that routers use to exchange routing information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Routing Messages

The messages exchanged between routers to share routing information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internet's Service Model

The Internet's basic method of handling data packets, often described as 'best-effort'.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bandwidth Provisioning

Ensuring enough network capacity to handle the data traffic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bandwidth-Adaptive Protocols

Protocols that adjust to the available bandwidth, optimizing data delivery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Layer Data Plane

The physical part of a network router that handles data packet forwarding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Input/Output Processing

The router's internal operations for receiving and sending packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IP Forwarding

Sending packets based solely on their destination IP addresses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalized Forwarding

Routing packets based on multiple header values, not just destination IPs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Middleboxes

Network components that perform additional functions beyond simple forwarding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Software-Defined Networks (SDN)

Modern networks where the control plane is software-based, allowing for increased flexibility and control.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalized Forwarding

A method where a forwarding decision is based on multiple factors, not just destination, like car's origin, model, or roadworthiness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Roundabout Entry Station

A point where cars enter a roundabout and the attendant determines the next exit based on destination, car's origin, or other criteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port (Lookup)

Corresponds to the entry road, uses a lookup function determining the car's outgoing port based on destination, vehicle data, etc.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switch Fabric

The roundabout itself, the central component where cars move through to reach their exit ramps.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

The exit ramp; where cars leave the roundabout.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bottleneck (Attendant)

A potential delay in the roundabout's system if the attendant processes requests too slowly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Speed of Entry

High arrival rates of cars can lead to traffic queue buildup at the entry roads if the entry process isn't fast enough to handle the flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Speed Roundabout

Roundabouts in some areas experience extremely high traffic speeds, therefore attendant processing times become more critical in maintaining smooth traffic operation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Entry Process Speed

The efficiency of how fast the attendant processes each car's request determines whether traffic flows efficiently.

Signup and view all the flashcards

System Bottleneck

The bottleneck can be either at the lookup stage, during the car traffic processing stages within the roundabout, or at the exit ramps. Fast attendent processing is key to the efficient overall system operation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bufferbloat

A network problem where persistent queuing delays occur, even with low traffic, due to constant buffering.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Scheduling

The process of determining the order in which queued packets are transmitted over an outgoing network link.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First-Come-First-Served (FCFS)

A queuing discipline in networking where packets are transmitted in the order they arrive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Queue Size

The number of packets waiting to be transmitted at a particular point in a network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Throughput

The rate at which data is transmitted over a network connection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Input Port Processing

The router's input port handles the physical and link layers of an incoming packet, then uses a forwarding table to find the output port for forwarding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

A table used by a router's input port to determine the best output port for a packet based on its destination address.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Destination-Based Forwarding

Forwarding decisions made by a router solely on the packet's destination address.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

The internal component of a router that connects input and output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Roundabout Backups

Traffic congestion can occur at roundabouts if cars enter or exit at the same time in large number.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Destination Address

The address of the intended recipient of a packet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Roundabout Priority

Assigning different levels of importance to various vehicles passing through a roundabout.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port

The part of a network device that receives incoming packets (data)

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

The part of a network device that sends packets (data) out.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Layer

A part of a communications network that handles moving data packets between different networks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Ports

Physical interfaces for input and output in a router, distinct from software ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

Connects a router's input ports to output ports within the router itself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

Sends packets from the switching fabric to outgoing links, performing physical and data link layer operations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Routing Processor

Handles control plane functions like routing protocols, routing tables, and forwarding table creation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Router

A router where the routing processor communicates with a remote controller to receive forwarding table entries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port (Network Layer)

Handles the physical and data link layers of incoming packets and uses a forwarding table to select the output port.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

Used by an input port to find the best output port for a given packet based on its destination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port Function

An input port in a router performs the physical and link layer functions for incoming packets and consults the forwarding table to determine the next output port.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port Function

The output port in a router is responsible for sending packets from the switching fabric to the outgoing link, handling the physical and link layers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

The switching fabric in a router is the internal component that connects input and output ports, enabling fast packet forwarding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

A table in a router that maps destination addresses to output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Routing Processor

The part of a router that handles routing decisions, including routing protocols and updating routing tables.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Input/Output Ports

Router ports handle both receiving and sending packets; input ports receive and output ports transmit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane

The part of a router that performs packet forwarding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Control Plane

The part of a network that makes routing decisions and manages forwarding tables, separate from the data plane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Remote Controller

A centralized computer that manages routing decisions in a Software-Defined Network (SDN).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Local Forwarding Table

A table inside a router, specifying the output port for a packet based on its header.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

A networking approach where the network's control plane is implemented as software.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding table

Table in a router that controls output port selected based on packet header.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data plane

The part of a router that performs forwarding, simply moving packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Plane (Network)

Part of network managing routing decisions, separate and remote from the local physical router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Remote Controller Communication

Routers and remote controllers communicate by exchanging forwarding tables and routing information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Routing

Routing decisions in a network controlled remotely by software, creating a flexible platform.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Header Values

Information within a network packet used by the remote controller or router to determine the correct output port.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Priority Queuing

A method where network traffic is prioritized, allowing some packets (e.g., network management, real-time VoIP) to be processed before others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High-Priority Queue

A queue in a router used to store packets that need to be processed quickly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Low-Priority Queue

A queue in a router used to store packets that can wait, e.g., non-critical user traffic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Classification

The process of determining the priority of a packet, usually based on header information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Queues

Queueing models are used in routers; a router's component that temporarily stores packets waiting to be transmitted, prioritizing those requiring immediate attention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalized Forwarding

A method of forwarding data packets where the decision of which output port to use is based on multiple factors (e.g., destination, origin, vehicle characteristics) beyond just the destination address.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Roundabout Entry Station

The point where cars enter a roundabout, and an attendant (or a router) determines the appropriate exit based on destination, rules and other data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port

The entry point of a router, where incoming packets arrive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

The exit point of a router, where outgoing packets are sent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

The internal component of a router that connects input and output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bottleneck (Attendant)

A potential delay in a system due to slow processing of requests, potentially causing accumulation of cars, resulting in entry road backup.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Speed of entry

The rate at which cars arrive at the entry station of a roundabout.

Signup and view all the flashcards

System Bottleneck

A point in a system where the processing speed limits the throughput and causes congestion, occurring anywhere (entry, switch, exit).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Entry Process Speed

The efficiency with which the entry processing (e.g., attendant) handles cars.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Speed Roundabout

A roundabout where the rate of cars arriving is very high, increasing the importance of the processing time of the attendant(s).

Signup and view all the flashcards

HOL Blocking

A network congestion problem where a packet at the head of the line (HOL) can block other packets from being transmitted, leading to potential queue growth and packet loss.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Queue Growth

The increase in the number of packets waiting to be processed in a router's input queue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port Contention

A situation where multiple packets destined for the same output port try to be transmitted simultaneously, creating a bottleneck.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Arrival Rate

The rate at which packets enter the network or a specific router port.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switch Fabric

The internal component of a router or switch that connects input ports to output ports, allowing packets to be forwarded quickly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Queuing

The process of temporarily storing packets at a router's output port until they can be transmitted over the outgoing link.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port Contention

A situation where N packets arrive simultaneously at the same output port, leading to queueing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Layer Data Plane

The part of a router that handles forwarding data packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding

Moving data packets to the correct destination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane Function

The main function of a router's data plane is forwarding data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Layer

Part of a computer network responsible for moving packets

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Input Port

The component receiving incoming packets in a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

The component sending packets leaving a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

The internal component connecting input and output ports in a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Plane (SDN)

Part of a network that manages routing decisions and forwarding tables, often separate from the data plane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane

Part of a router that handles actual packet forwarding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

A table in a router, mapping destination addresses to output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Approach

Routing approach where a remote controller manages routing and forwarding table updates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Remote Controller

The centralized computer that manages routing in an SDN network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Human Configuration

Manually configuring forwarding tables in routers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Routing Protocol

Set of rules routers use to exchange routing information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Topology

The physical layout of a network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Destination

The intended recipient of a network packet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Decisions

How a network device decides how to send a packet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

FIFO Queuing

First-In, First-Out queuing; packets are transmitted in the order they arrive at the output link.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Priority Queuing

Packets are assigned priority classes upon arrival; higher-priority packets are transmitted before lower-priority packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Scheduling

The process of determining the order in which packets are transmitted over a network link, given their position in the queue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port Contention

A situation where multiple packets are destined for the same outgoing link and must compete to be transmitted.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Arrival Rate

The rate at which packets arrive at a network device or link.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Longest Prefix Matching

A router chooses the longest matching entry in its forwarding table to forward a packet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

A router's table that maps destination addresses to outgoing interfaces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lookup Process

Finding the correct entry in the forwarding table, mapping to an output port.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gigabit Transmission Rates

Data transmission speeds of 1 billion bits per second.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ternary CAM

A lookup hardware that quickly finds forwarding table entries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hardware Lookup Techniques

Essential for forwarding packets at high throughput.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Lookup Speed Requirements

Need quick lookup, critical for high-speed networks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Matches

Several table entries can align with part of the packet's address.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nanoseconds

A billionth of a second; essential measurement of lookup time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Destination Address

The address of where a packet is intended to be sent or goes to.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Head-of-the-Line (HOL) Blocking

A situation where a packet at the front of an input queue blocks other packets destined for different output ports, even if those ports are free.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port Queues

Queues at the input ports of a switch where packets wait to be transferred to the switching fabric.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

The internal component of a router/switch that connects input and output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port Contention

Multiple packets trying to use the same output port simultaneously.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crossbar Switching Fabric

A switching fabric that can transfer multiple packets in parallel as long as they're destined for different output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)

Packet transmission order in queues where packets are sent in the order they arrive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

The point where data packets leave a router/switch.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Ports

Physical interfaces for input and output in a router, distinct from software ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

Connects a router's input ports to output ports within the router itself; enabling fast packet forwarding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

Sends packets from the switching fabric to outgoing links, performing physical and data link layer operations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Routing Processor

Handles control plane functions like routing protocols, routing tables, and forwarding table creation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Router

A router where the routing processor communicates with a remote controller to receive forwarding table entries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port

The part of a network device that receives incoming packets (data).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

The part of a network device that sends packets (data) out.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

The internal component of a router that connects input and output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

A table in a router that maps destination addresses to output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Roundabout Backups

Traffic congestion at roundabouts due to simultaneous entries/exits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port (Lookup)

Router component using a table to determine the best output port for a packet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

Internal router component connecting input and output ports; the roundabout itself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

Router component sending packets to the next destination; the exit ramps.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bottleneck (Attendant)

A point in a system where slow processing causes congestion; slow processing of incoming cars.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Speed of Entry

The rate of cars arriving at an entry point; arriving cars at the entry point.

Signup and view all the flashcards

System Bottleneck

A point in a system causing congestion; anywhere processing takes too long.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Entry Process Speed

Efficiency of the router/attendant handling car entries; speed of processing at the entry roads.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High-Speed Roundabout

Roundabouts with high traffic volumes; high traffic flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalized Forwarding

Using multiple criteria (e.g., destination, origin) for forwarding; choosing an output port based on multiple criteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crossbar Switch

A non-blocking switching network that allows multiple packets to be forwarded in parallel.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

The internal component of a router that interconnects input and output ports to forward packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crosspoint

A connection point in a switch fabric that can be opened or closed to route packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-blocking Switch

A switch where a packet's forwarding is not blocked if an output port is available.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port Contention

A situation where multiple packets compete to use the same output port simultaneously.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Destination Address Range

The set of IP addresses that should be forwarded through a specific link interface.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Link Interface

A physical connection on a router that leads to another network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

A table in a router that directs packets to the correct output interface based on the destination address prefix.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prefix

The initial part of an IP address used for matching in the forwarding table.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet's Destination Address

The address of the intended recipient in a network data packet

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simplified Forwarding Table

A reduced forwarding table that uses abbreviations to cut down size rather than using entire addresses

Signup and view all the flashcards

Routing Decision

The act of choosing the best route for a data packet through a network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Default Interface

The interface a router uses when no specific match is found in the forwarding table.

Signup and view all the flashcards

21-Bit Prefix

A 21-bit initial portion of an IP address used to identify which route to take.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table Entry

A single row (entry) in a forwarding table describing which address prefix is sent to which link interface.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding

Moving data packets to the correct destination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane

The part of a router that performs forwarding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Layer

Part of a computer network responsible for moving packets between networks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Input Port

The component receiving incoming packets in a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

The component sending packets leaving a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

The internal component connecting input and output ports in a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

A table in a router mapping destination addresses to output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Routing

Planning a trip from one location to another, like choosing a path from Pennsylvania to Florida based on a map and available roads.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

A table inside a router used to quickly decide which output port to use for a packet, based on information in the packet's header.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding

The process of sending a packet to the correct outgoing link interface on a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Header

Information within a data packet, like a car's destination or type, used by routers to determine how to route the packet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Plane

The part of a network responsible for deciding how to route data and managing the routing table.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane

The part of the router that actually handles forwarding data packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table Entry

A specific entry in the forwarding table that indicates how to forward a packet based on specific header values for that router's network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Layer

Part of the computer network responsible for moving data packets between different networks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Function

The core function of the network layer's data plane; it decides which outgoing interface to use for a packet based on the packet's header values.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric Transfer Rate (Rswitch)

The rate at which packets are moved from input ports to output ports in a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port Processing

The phase where incoming packets are handled at a router's input port.This involves selecting the appropriate outgoing port based on the packet's header information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port Queuing (Buffer Management)

A temporary storage area for awaiting transmission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Line Speed (Rline)

The processing rate at which packets are transmitted over a single input port.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port Processing

The final stage in a router's packet handling process, where packets are transmitted out the selected output port.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switch Fabric

The internal component of a router that connects input ports to output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Queuing

Occurs when the fabric can't process packets instantly due to its limited transfer rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

The specific port receiving a packet from within the Fabric, it is the endpoint the packet moves to.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port Contention

A situation where multiple packets arrive simultaneously at the same output port, leading to queuing delays for each packet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High Arrival Rate (Input Ports)

The speed at which packets arrive at the input lines of a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generalized Forwarding

Routing data based on multiple factors, not just destination, like origin, car model, or conditions (roadworthiness).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Roundabout Entry Station

The point where cars enter a roundabout; an attendant determines the exit based on various factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port (Lookup)

The entry point where the routing decision (which exit) is made based on data (e.g., destination).

Signup and view all the flashcards

System Bottleneck(Attendant)

A delay point in the system due to a slow attendant processing requests, causing traffic jams at the entry.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Speed of Entry

The rate at which cars arrive at a roundabout's entry point.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding vs. Switching

Used interchangeably in networking contexts to describe the transfer of packets (data) from input to output links in a network device.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Switch

A general network device that forwards packets from input to output based on header information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Link-Layer Switch

A packet switch that bases forwarding decisions on link-layer frame header information (Layer 2).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router

A packet switch that uses network-layer datagram header information (Layer 3) to make forwarding decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network-Layer Datagram

A data packet at the network layer, containing information for routing decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Router Architecture

The internal structure and functionality of a router, typically including input/output ports, switching fabric, and a processing component.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane

The part of a router responsible for the actual forwarding of packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Plane

The part of a networking device (e.g., router) that handles routing decisions, network management, and exchanges information with other network devices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input/Output Ports

The physical connections for receiving (input) and sending (output) data in a router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

Table in a router that maps destination addresses to outgoing ports (links/interfaces).

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAT (Network Address Translation)

A method that allows multiple devices on a private network (like a home network) to share a single public IP address.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Private Network

A network that is not directly connected to the public Internet and uses a reserved range of IP addresses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SOHO Subnet

A small office or home office local area network (LAN).

Signup and view all the flashcards

IP Address

A unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Public IP Address

An IP address that's directly accessible on the public Internet (like a visible Street address).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Private IP Address

A reserved IP address from a block allocated for private networks (like private street addresses in different housing projects).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reserved IP Address Space

A predefined set of IP addresses used for private networks, not to be used on the public internet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAT-enabled Router

A router that translates private IP addresses to public IP addresses allowing devices behind it to connect to the Internet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAT Violation

NAT (Network Address Translation) violates the principle of direct communication between hosts by modifying IP addresses and port numbers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

P2P Connection

Peer-to-peer connections require incoming connections to be accepted when acting as a server.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAT Traversal Tools

Tools that help devices behind NAT servers communicate with each other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Layer 3 Devices

Network devices that operate at the network layer, processing packets up to the network layer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IP Datagram Attack

Attack by sending malicious IP datagrams to target network addresses to cause problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ping Sweeps

A technique used to map network with the help of echo request messages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Port Scans

Scanning for open ports to discover vulnerable services on the network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vulnerable Hosts

Network hosts susceptible to exploitation by malicious packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DHCP-Provided NAT Address

A network address given automatically by DHCP and used by a NAT server.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Malware-Infected Packets

Malicious packets carry harmful code to infect hosts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Control Plane

The part of a network that manages routing decisions and forwarding tables, separate from the data plane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Remote Controller

A centralized computer that manages routing decisions in a Software-Defined Network (SDN).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Local Forwarding Table

A table inside a router, specifying the output port for a packet based on its header.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

A networking approach where the network's control plane is implemented as software.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

Table in a router that controls output port, selected based on packet header.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane

The part of a router that performs forwarding, simply moving packets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Remote Controller Communication

Routers and remote controllers communicate by exchanging forwarding tables and routing information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Routing

Routing decisions in a network controlled remotely by software, creating a flexible platform.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Packet Header Values

Information within a network packet used by the remote controller or router to determine the correct output port.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Plane (Network)

Part of network managing routing decisions, separate and remote from the local physical router.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Plane (SDN)

The part of a network that manages routing decisions and forwarding tables, often separate from the data plane, in a software-defined network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane

The part of a router that handles the actual process of moving packets from input ports to output ports.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Approach

A routing approach where a separate, remote controller computes and distributes forwarding tables to routers, managing the control plane part of the network, enabling more flexible and faster updates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Human Configuration

Manually configuring forwarding tables in routers, which is error prone and slow to adapt to network changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Remote Controller

A centralized computer that manages routing decisions and distributes forwarding tables in a Software-Defined Network (SDN).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Layer

Part of a computer network responsible for moving packets from source to destination

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Plane

Part of a router handling packet forwarding

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding

Moving data packets to the correct destination

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forwarding Table

Maps destination addresses to output ports in a router

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Port

Receives incoming packets in a router

Signup and view all the flashcards

Output Port

Sends outgoing packets from a router

Signup and view all the flashcards

Switching Fabric

Connects router input and output ports

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Plane

Manages routing decisions in a network

Signup and view all the flashcards

SDN Approach

Routing where a remote controller manages routing and updates forwarding tables

Signup and view all the flashcards

Remote Controller

Centralized computer managing SDN routing decisions

Signup and view all the flashcards

Network Address Translation (NAT)

A technique that allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Private IP Address Space

Reserved IP address blocks for use in private networks, e.g., home or business networks, which are not routable on the public internet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SOHO Subnet

A local area network (LAN) in a small office or home office.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ISP Allocated Addresses

IP addresses assigned by an internet service provider (ISP) to a network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAT-enabled Router

A router that uses NAT to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses when communicating with other networks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAT Violation

Network Address Translation (NAT) interferes with direct communication between devices by modifying IP addresses and port numbers, violating the intended design of network layers (layer 3).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Firewall Role

Firewalls examine incoming and outgoing IP datagrams in a network, preventing malicious activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ping Sweep

A network scanning technique to discover active hosts and map their IP addresses within a specific range.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Port Scan

A technique used to detect open TCP or UDP ports on network hosts, revealing potential vulnerabilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Malformed Packet Attack

Sending corrupted packets to overload or crash network servers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Network Layer: Data Plane

  • The transport layer relies on the network layer's host-to-host communication service.
  • The transport layer has no knowledge of the network layer's inner workings (how it implements the service).
  • The network layer's service is complex, implemented in every host and router.
  • The network layer consists of a data plane and a control plane.

Data Plane

  • Data plane functions determine the forwarding of a datagram from a router's input links to an output link.
  • IP forwarding is based on a datagram's destination address.
  • Generalized forwarding uses values in multiple fields of the datagram's header.
  • IPv4 and IPv6 protocols and addressing are studied in detail.

Control Plane

  • The control plane's functions coordinate router forwarding actions for end-to-end datagram transfer between source and destination hosts.
  • Software-defined networking (SDN) separates the data plane and control plane.
  • Control plane functions may be typically implemented in a remote controller.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Network Layer: Data Plane (PDF)
The Network Layer: Data Plane (Chapter 4) PDF

Description

This quiz explores essential concepts related to routing algorithms in networking. You'll learn about their primary functions, how they communicate across different routers, and scenarios where no routing protocols are necessary. Additionally, it covers the roles of forwarding tables and the distinction between routing and forwarding functions.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser