Routing Algorithms and Topology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary requirements of routing algorithms?

Complexity in implementation

Optimality (correct)

Frequent path changes

Inefficiency in processing

Routing is only necessary in packet-switched networks.

False

What does the term 'topology' refer to in routing?

Arrangement of nodes and links in a network

The direct connection between two nodes is called a ______.

link Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms indicates the value assigned to a link that shows the cost of using it?

Cost Signup and view all the answers

Match the routing terminology with its correct definition:

Link = Direct connection between two nodes Path = A way between two nodes, via one or more links Hop = To traverse a link Cost = Value assigned to link to indicate cost of using that link Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of least-cost routing?

To choose a path with least cost Signup and view all the answers

Path changes should be frequent to maintain stability in routing.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one main disadvantage of simple flooding in network routing?

It leads to sending many copies of packets. Signup and view all the answers

In a flooding protocol, a node can send back a packet to the node that just sent it.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including a hop limit in packet routing?

To discard packets when they exceed a certain number of hops. Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive Routing uses a least-cost routing algorithm to determine a route and adapt the route as network conditions __________.

change Signup and view all the answers

Match the following strategies with their descriptions:

Hop Limit = Counter for packets to prevent indefinite forwarding Selective Flooding = Sending packets to a selection of neighbors Duplicate Detection = Discarding duplicate packets received by the destination Adaptive Routing = Routing that changes based on network conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential result of using the hop limit strategy?

Packets may be discarded if the counter reaches 0. Signup and view all the answers

Selective flooding can be based on probability-based strategies.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using a sequence number in packet routing?

To identify and discard duplicate packets received at the destination. Signup and view all the answers

Which algorithm is used in link state routing to determine least-cost routes?

Dijkstra’s algorithm Signup and view all the answers

In link state routing, each node only learns about its direct neighbors.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the link state packet in link state routing?

To send the state of its own links to every other node in the network. Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is used by the flooding protocol to manage link state packets.

sequence number Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps with their descriptions in link state routing:

Step 1 = Record the state of its own links Step 2 = Send the state of its own links to every other node Step 3 = Form a shortest path tree Step 4 = Build a routing table based on the shortest path tree Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of adaptive routing?

It potentially can select the most suited paths. Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive routing is always simple and easy to implement.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one real routing protocol mentioned in the content.

OSPF Signup and view all the answers

A routing protocol specifies the routing algorithm for determining __________ routes.

least-cost Signup and view all the answers

Match the following routing protocols with their characteristics:

OSPF = Link-state routing protocol RIP = Distance-vector routing protocol BGP = Used for routing between autonomous systems EIGRP = Combines features of link-state and distance-vector protocols Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of adaptive routing?

It can create unnecessary overhead in the network. Signup and view all the answers

Reacting too quickly in adaptive routing can cause oscillation.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a routing protocol?

To determine routes in a network automatically. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for circuit establishment in switched networks?

Path established before data transfer begins Signup and view all the answers

Circuit switching allows for data to be transmitted before a circuit is established.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main drawback of circuit switching concerning resource allocation?

Resources are reserved for the duration of the connection, which can be inefficient. Signup and view all the answers

In packet switching, data is broken into __________ before being sent.

packets Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of packet switching with their characteristics:

Datagram Packet Switching = Packets treated independently and can take different paths. Virtual Circuit Packet Switching = Packets follow the same path and arrive in order. Circuit Switching = Path established before data transfer with reserved capacity. Packet Switching = Allows for efficient use of network resources by using packets. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of packet switching ensures that packets arrive in the order they were sent?

Virtual Circuit Packet Switching Signup and view all the answers

In different packet switching methods, packets belonging to the same message always take the same path.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of applications were originally developed to handle using circuit switching?

Voice traffic Signup and view all the answers

_____________ refers to the approach where each packet is treated independently in packet switching.

Datagram Packet Switching Signup and view all the answers

What is one issue related to the efficiency of circuit-switching?

It can lead to idle resources when not fully utilized. Signup and view all the answers

In packet switching, the same packet can arrive out of order at its destination.

True Signup and view all the answers

What must end devices have for effective circuit switching?

The same speed Signup and view all the answers

In __________ switching, the capacity of the channel must be reserved before communication.

circuit Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Packet Switching = Data is sent in small packets individually. Circuit Switching = A dedicated path is established for communication. Virtual Circuit = Ensures ordered delivery of packets. Datagram = Packets can take different routes and arrive independently. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of routing in communication networks?

To determine the path data takes between source and destination Signup and view all the answers

Packet switching is more efficient for delivering telephone calls than circuit switching.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one algorithm used for determining the shortest path in routing.

Dijkstra Signup and view all the answers

In circuit switching, connections are established for the duration of the ________.

call Signup and view all the answers

Match the following switching methods with their appropriate definitions:

Circuit Switching = Connection remains for the duration of the call Packet Switching = Data is sent in packets over shared networks Adaptive Routing = Adjusts paths based on network conditions Dijkstra = Algorithm for shortest path calculation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common packet switching technique used in modern WANs?

IP (Internet Protocol) Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive routing strategies are seldom needed in Wide Area Networks (WANs).

False Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of a switch in a communication network?

Forwarding data between source and destination. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Circuit Switching Networks

Networks use dedicated communication paths between stations
The path is a sequence of links between nodes
A logical channel is allocated to each physical link for a connection
Three phases: establishment, data transfer, and disconnect

Packet Switching Networks

For data connections, much of the time the line is idle; circuit-switching is inefficient
Packet switching breaks data into packets, sending one at a time from source to destination
Two types: Datagram and Virtual Circuit

Datagram Packet Switching

Each packet is treated independently of all others
Packets belonging to the same message may arrive at destination out of order and may be lost
Packets need headers for switches to know where to send them
Data is transferred as individual packets taking different paths

Virtual Circuit Packet Switching

Virtual circuit setup and teardown
Once setup, data is transferred as individual packets taking the same path
Packets arrive in-order at the destination, but may be lost
Packets need headers for switches to know the next switch

Issues in Circuit Switching

Efficiency: Resources are reserved for the duration of the connection, inefficient if applications don't fully utilize the capacity
Quality: Data rate and delay are guaranteed for the duration of the connection
Link Speeds: End devices must be the same speed

Routing in Switched Networks

Routing is a major design issue in switched networks
It involves determining the best path for data transfer
Real networks have hundreds to thousands of nodes with many possible paths
This involves choosing the "best" path