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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of Port Address Translation (PAT)?
What is the purpose of Port Address Translation (PAT)?
What two parts make up a traditional MAC address?
What two parts make up a traditional MAC address?
Which statement accurately describes the function of a UPS?
Which statement accurately describes the function of a UPS?
Which class of IPv4 addresses supports the most hosts per network?
Which class of IPv4 addresses supports the most hosts per network?
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What is the main purpose of a KVM switch in a rack system?
What is the main purpose of a KVM switch in a rack system?
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Which IP address ranges are recommended for private networks according to IEEE?
Which IP address ranges are recommended for private networks according to IEEE?
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Which of the following best describes a SAN?
Which of the following best describes a SAN?
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What is the main function of the DNS in network communication?
What is the main function of the DNS in network communication?
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Which of the following statements about dynamic IP addresses is correct?
Which of the following statements about dynamic IP addresses is correct?
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In terms of power issues, what is a brownout?
In terms of power issues, what is a brownout?
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Class D IP addresses are primarily used for which purpose?
Class D IP addresses are primarily used for which purpose?
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Which routing protocol is known for having the most complex best-path calculation?
Which routing protocol is known for having the most complex best-path calculation?
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What is the role of the network layer in data transport?
What is the role of the network layer in data transport?
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What is the purpose of a patch panel?
What is the purpose of a patch panel?
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Which of the following types of UPS provides continuous voltage by switching to battery power when needed?
Which of the following types of UPS provides continuous voltage by switching to battery power when needed?
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Which wiring type is not recognized by TIA/EIA for horizontal wiring?
Which wiring type is not recognized by TIA/EIA for horizontal wiring?
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What is the maximum allowable distance for horizontal wiring in a structured cabling system?
What is the maximum allowable distance for horizontal wiring in a structured cabling system?
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Which type of cable should be installed at least 3 feet away from fluorescent lights to reduce interference?
Which type of cable should be installed at least 3 feet away from fluorescent lights to reduce interference?
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Which component is typically used to simplify console access to computers in a rack?
Which component is typically used to simplify console access to computers in a rack?
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What type of voltage fluctuation is known as a brownout?
What type of voltage fluctuation is known as a brownout?
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What are the three possible cabling types recognized for horizontal wiring?
What are the three possible cabling types recognized for horizontal wiring?
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Which describes the primary difference between UTP and STP cables?
Which describes the primary difference between UTP and STP cables?
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What is the function of a demarcation point in network installations?
What is the function of a demarcation point in network installations?
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What type of signal is used for data transmission in fiber-optic cables?
What type of signal is used for data transmission in fiber-optic cables?
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What type of noise occurs when a signal on one wire infringes on an adjacent wire's signal?
What type of noise occurs when a signal on one wire infringes on an adjacent wire's signal?
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Which type of twisted-pair cable has additional shielding to reduce interference?
Which type of twisted-pair cable has additional shielding to reduce interference?
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What is the primary function of a modem in data transmission?
What is the primary function of a modem in data transmission?
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What does the term 'throughput' specifically measure?
What does the term 'throughput' specifically measure?
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Which statement about Cat 6 cable is true?
Which statement about Cat 6 cable is true?
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What happens to a signal during attenuation?
What happens to a signal during attenuation?
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What is the primary purpose of an amplifier in signal transmission?
What is the primary purpose of an amplifier in signal transmission?
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Which type of cross-talk occurs at the far end of a cable?
Which type of cross-talk occurs at the far end of a cable?
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Which twisted-pair cabling standard is the earliest to meet the minimum requirements for 10GBase-T transmissions?
Which twisted-pair cabling standard is the earliest to meet the minimum requirements for 10GBase-T transmissions?
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Which of the following accurately describes the core of Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) compared to Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)?
Which of the following accurately describes the core of Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) compared to Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)?
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What is the primary characteristic of baseband transmission?
What is the primary characteristic of baseband transmission?
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Which type of multiplexing divides a channel into multiple time intervals?
Which type of multiplexing divides a channel into multiple time intervals?
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What distinguishes Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) in modern fiber-optic networks?
What distinguishes Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) in modern fiber-optic networks?
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Which statement correctly defines the purpose of a repeater in signal transmission?
Which statement correctly defines the purpose of a repeater in signal transmission?
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What is the primary difference between straight-through and crossover cables?
What is the primary difference between straight-through and crossover cables?
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Which properties characterize an analog signal?
Which properties characterize an analog signal?
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Study Notes
Port Address Translation (PAT)
- Assigns a TCP port number to each ongoing session between a local host and an Internet host.
Addressing Methods
- Application layer uses FQDNs, computer names, and host names.
- Transport layer uses port numbers.
- Network layer uses IP addresses.
- Data Link layer uses MAC addresses.
MAC Addresses
- Consist of two parts: an OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) and an extension identifier.
- The OUI is assigned by IEEE and represents the manufacturer.
- The extension identifier is assigned by the manufacturer and represents the specific device.
IP Addresses
- In IPv4, each IP address is a unique 32-bit number.
- In IPv6, each IP address is a unique 128-bit number.
- There are five IP address classes: A, B, C, D, and E.
- Class D is for multicasting and Class E is for research purposes.
- Classes A, B, and C are available for public use on the internet.
- Private IP addresses are used within private networks.
Private Network IP Addresses
- Recommended IP addresses for private networks:
- 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
- 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
- 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
IP Address Assignment
- Static IP addresses are assigned manually by network administrators.
- Dynamic IP addresses are assigned automatically by a DHCP server.
Connectionless Protocols
- Useful for quick data transfer.
### DNS (Domain Name System)
- An application layer client-server system composed of:
- Namespace
- Name servers
- Resolvers
- The "nslookup" command can be used to find the host name of a device given its IP address or vice versa.
Network Layer
- Responsible for directing data between LANs.
### OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
- A link-state routing protocol used on interior or border routers.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
- Uses the most complex best-path calculation of commonly used routing protocols.
Traceroute utility
- Uses ICMP to trace the path between networked nodes.
- Called tracert on Windows systems.
Route Command
- Used to view, add, delete, or modify a host's routing table.
Commercial Building Components
- Entrance facilities
- MDF (Main Distribution Frame)
- IDF (Intermediate Distribution Frame)
- Horizontal wiring
- Backbone wiring
- Work area
Rack System Airflow
- Airflow is typically designed to move from front to back.
SAN (Storage Area Network)
- A network of storage devices that communicate directly with each other and other networks.
- Uses two main transport layer protocols:
- Fibre Channel (FC)
- iSCSI
Power Flaws
- Surge: Momentary increase in voltage due to lightning strikes, solar flares, or electrical problems.
- Noise: Voltage level fluctuations caused by other devices on the network or EMI.
- Brownout: Momentary decrease in voltage; also known as a sag.
- Blackout: Complete power loss.
### UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
- A battery-operated power source directly attached to devices and a power supply.
- Prevents power fluctuations from damaging devices or interrupting services.
- Two categories:
- Standby UPS: Provides continuous voltage by switching to battery power when a power loss is detected.
- Online UPS: Continuously charges its battery while providing power to devices through the battery.
Generator
- A backup power source that provides redundancy in case of a total blackout.
Structured Cabling
- TIA/EIA created a joint cabling standard.
Coaxial Cable
- Not recognized by TIA/EIA for horizontal wiring.
Patch Panel
- A device used to connect network cables.
- It passes data along without modifying it.
NICs (Network Interface Cards)
- Operate at Layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model.
Rack Systems
- Two primary standard rack system widths: 19 inches and 23 inches.
### KVM Switch
- Provides a central control portal for all devices on a rack.
Surge Protector
- Protects computer equipment from momentary voltage increases.
### Twisted Pair Cabling Termination
- No more than 1 inch of cable should be exposed to minimize cross talk.
Cable Installation
- Cables should be installed at least 3 feet away from fluorescent lights or other sources of EMI.
Demarc
- Located in the MDF of a structured cabling environment.
- Represents the boundary between the service provider’s network and the customer’s network.
### KVM Switch
- Typically used to simplify console access in a rack.
Ethernet
- Exists at Layer 2 of the OSI model.
Maximum Distance for Horizontal Wiring
- 100 meters
Watt and Volt-Amps
- 1 watt is equal to 1.4 volt-amps.
### Noise
- Voltage level fluctuations caused by other devices on the network or by EMI.
Cable Types for Horizontal Wiring (TIA/EIA)
- UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair): Copper-based cable with one or more insulated twisted-wire pairs in a plastic sheath.
- STP (Shielded Twisted Pair): Copper-based cable with twisted-wire pairs individually insulated and surrounded by a metallic shield.
- Fiber-optic cable: Contains glass or plastic fibers in its core and comes in two types: SMF (single-mode fiber) or MMF (multimode fiber).
- Copper-based cable transmits data via electrical signals.
- Fiber-optic cable transmits via pulsing light from a laser or LED.
### Brownouts and Blackouts
- Brownout (Sag): Momentary decrease in voltage; can cause computers or applications to fail.
- Blackout: Complete power loss; can cause significant damage to networks.
Analog Transmission
- Measured by baud rate.
### Coaxial Cable Connectors
- BNC connectors
- F-connectors (used by cable TV)
Twisted Pair Cable and Gigabit Ethernet
- Cat 5e and higher twisted-pair cables support Gigabit Ethernet.
Cat 6 Cable
- The earliest twisted-pair cabling standard that meets the requirements for 10GBase-T transmissions.
Amplifier and Repeater
- Amplifier: Boosts analog signals.
- Repeater: Boosts digital signals.
### Analog Signal Properties
- Amplitude: Strength at a given point in time.
- Frequency: Number of times the amplitude cycles over a fixed time.
- Wavelength: Distance between one peak and the next.
- Phase: Progress of the wave over time compared to a fixed point.
Modem
- Modulates digital signals into analog signals at the transmitter.
- Demodulates analog signals into digital signals at the receiver.
### Baseband Transmission
- Digital signals carried on a single channel.
- Requires exclusive use of the wire’s capacity.
- Example: Ethernet.
Broadband Transmission
- Multiple transmissions share a single media.
- Multipexing is used to manage multiple signals.
- Example: Cable TV and internet.
### Multiplexing
- Allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium.
### TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
- Divides a channel into multiple time intervals.
### WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
- Uses one fiber-optic connection.
- Carries multiple light signals simultaneously.
### DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
- Used on most modern fiber-optic networks.
- Provides extraordinary capacity.
- Typically used on high-bandwidth or long-distance WAN links.
### CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
- Developed after DWDM to lower the cost of transceiver equipment.
- Channels are spaced more widely apart across the frequency band.
Cable Types
- Straight-through cable: Identical RJ-45 plugs at both ends.
- Crossover cable: Transmit and Receive wires reversed at one end.
- Rollover cable (Yost or Cisco Console cable): All wires reversed, mirror image terminations; used to connect a computer to a router's console port.
Throughput
- The amount of data transmitted during a given time period.
Noise
- Any undesirable influence that degrades or distorts a signal.
- Types:
- EMI (Electromagnetic Interference): Radio frequency interference.
- Cross-talk: Signal on one wire infringes on an adjacent wire signal.
- Alien Cross-talk: Occurs between two cables.
- NEXT (Near End Cross-talk): Occurs near the source.
- FEXT (Far End Cross-talk): Occurs at the far end.
### Attenuation
- Loss of signal strength as it travels away from the source.
### Cross-talk
- Occurs when a signal on one wire or cable interferes with a signal on an adjacent wire or cable.
### STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) Cable
- Contains twisted-pair wires that are individually insulated and surrounded by a metallic shield.
### UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cable
- Does not contain additional shielding.
Half-duplex Ethernet
- Transmit pair uses simplex transmissions.
- Receive pair uses simplex transmissions.
- Twisted-pair cable uses half-duplex transmissions.
### Twist Ratio
- Number of twists per meter or foot.
- More twists per foot increases resistance to cross-talk and noise.
### SMF (Single-Mode Fiber)
- The core is narrower than MMF.
- Reflects very little light, minimizing dispersion.
- More efficient over long distances than MMF.
### Fiber Cleaver
- Scores the fiber strand for breaking, but does not cut it.
Short Circuit and Open Circuit
- Short circuit: Connections exist where they shouldn't.
- Open circuit: Needed connections are missing.
### Continuity Tester
- Should not be used on a live network segment.
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Description
Test your knowledge on networking fundamentals, including Port Address Translation, addressing methods, and the significance of IP and MAC addresses. This quiz covers the essentials of networking layers and their components. Ideal for students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding of network protocols.