Networking Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of Port Address Translation (PAT)?

To assign a MAC address to each device

To convert IPv4 addresses to IPv6

To manage data link layer communications

To assign a TCP port number to each ongoing session (correct)

What two parts make up a traditional MAC address?

First 64 bits and last 64 bits

First 32 bits and last 32 bits

First 24 bits and last 24 bits (correct)

First 16 bits and last 48 bits

Which statement accurately describes the function of a UPS?

It only works with specific brands of devices.

It prevents fluctuations in power, ensuring reliable operation of connected devices. (correct)

It stores excess power during normal operation for later use.

It only provides backup power during blackouts.

Which class of IPv4 addresses supports the most hosts per network?

Class A Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a KVM switch in a rack system?

To control multiple devices from a single console. Signup and view all the answers

Which IP address ranges are recommended for private networks according to IEEE?

172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a SAN?

A network of storage devices that communicate independently. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the DNS in network communication?

To translate domain names into IP addresses and vice versa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about dynamic IP addresses is correct?

They are automatically assigned by a DHCP server. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of power issues, what is a brownout?

A momentary decrease in voltage. Signup and view all the answers

Class D IP addresses are primarily used for which purpose?

Multicasting data to multiple recipients Signup and view all the answers

Which routing protocol is known for having the most complex best-path calculation?

BGP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the network layer in data transport?

To direct data from one LAN to another Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a patch panel?

To pass data along through the connections without altering it. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of UPS provides continuous voltage by switching to battery power when needed?

Standby UPS Signup and view all the answers

Which wiring type is not recognized by TIA/EIA for horizontal wiring?

Coaxial cabling Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable distance for horizontal wiring in a structured cabling system?

100 m Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cable should be installed at least 3 feet away from fluorescent lights to reduce interference?

Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable Signup and view all the answers

Which component is typically used to simplify console access to computers in a rack?

KVM switch Signup and view all the answers

What type of voltage fluctuation is known as a brownout?

Momentary decrease in voltage Signup and view all the answers

What are the three possible cabling types recognized for horizontal wiring?

UTP, STP, fiber optic Signup and view all the answers

Which describes the primary difference between UTP and STP cables?

STP has shielding that UTP lacks Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a demarcation point in network installations?

It separates service provider equipment from customer equipment. Signup and view all the answers

What type of signal is used for data transmission in fiber-optic cables?

Pulsing light Signup and view all the answers

What type of noise occurs when a signal on one wire infringes on an adjacent wire's signal?

Cross-talk Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twisted-pair cable has additional shielding to reduce interference?

STP cable Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a modem in data transmission?

To modulate and demodulate signals Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'throughput' specifically measure?

The amount of data transmitted over time Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Cat 6 cable is true?

It is the earliest standard for 10GBase-T transmissions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a signal during attenuation?

It loses strength as it travels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an amplifier in signal transmission?

To boost analog signals Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cross-talk occurs at the far end of a cable?

Far end cross-talk (FEXT) Signup and view all the answers

Which twisted-pair cabling standard is the earliest to meet the minimum requirements for 10GBase-T transmissions?

Cat 6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the core of Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) compared to Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)?

SMF reflects more light and disperses less. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of baseband transmission?

It requires the exclusive use of the wire's capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of multiplexing divides a channel into multiple time intervals?

Time Division Multiplexing Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) in modern fiber-optic networks?

It provides extraordinarily high capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines the purpose of a repeater in signal transmission?

Boosts a digital signal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between straight-through and crossover cables?

Crossover cables reverse transmit and receive wires on one end. Signup and view all the answers

Which properties characterize an analog signal?

Amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and phase Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Port Address Translation (PAT)

Assigns a TCP port number to each ongoing session between a local host and an Internet host.

Addressing Methods

Application layer uses FQDNs, computer names, and host names.
Transport layer uses port numbers.
Network layer uses IP addresses.
Data Link layer uses MAC addresses.

MAC Addresses

Consist of two parts: an OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) and an extension identifier.
The OUI is assigned by IEEE and represents the manufacturer.
The extension identifier is assigned by the manufacturer and represents the specific device.

IP Addresses

In IPv4, each IP address is a unique 32-bit number.
In IPv6, each IP address is a unique 128-bit number.
There are five IP address classes: A, B, C, D, and E.
Class D is for multicasting and Class E is for research purposes.
Classes A, B, and C are available for public use on the internet.
Private IP addresses are used within private networks.

Private Network IP Addresses

Recommended IP addresses for private networks:
- 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
- 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
- 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

IP Address Assignment

Static IP addresses are assigned manually by network administrators.
Dynamic IP addresses are assigned automatically by a DHCP server.

Connectionless Protocols

Useful for quick data transfer.

### DNS (Domain Name System)

An application layer client-server system composed of:
- Namespace
- Name servers
- Resolvers
The "nslookup" command can be used to find the host name of a device given its IP address or vice versa.

Network Layer

Responsible for directing data between LANs.

### OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

A link-state routing protocol used on interior or border routers.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Uses the most complex best-path calculation of commonly used routing protocols.

Traceroute utility

Uses ICMP to trace the path between networked nodes.
Called tracert on Windows systems.

Route Command

Used to view, add, delete, or modify a host's routing table.

Commercial Building Components

Entrance facilities
MDF (Main Distribution Frame)
IDF (Intermediate Distribution Frame)
Horizontal wiring
Backbone wiring
Work area

Rack System Airflow

Airflow is typically designed to move from front to back.

SAN (Storage Area Network)

A network of storage devices that communicate directly with each other and other networks.
Uses two main transport layer protocols:
- Fibre Channel (FC)
- iSCSI

Power Flaws

Surge: Momentary increase in voltage due to lightning strikes, solar flares, or electrical problems.
Noise: Voltage level fluctuations caused by other devices on the network or EMI.
Brownout: Momentary decrease in voltage; also known as a sag.
Blackout: Complete power loss.

### UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

A battery-operated power source directly attached to devices and a power supply.
Prevents power fluctuations from damaging devices or interrupting services.
Two categories:
- Standby UPS: Provides continuous voltage by switching to battery power when a power loss is detected.
- Online UPS: Continuously charges its battery while providing power to devices through the battery.

Generator

A backup power source that provides redundancy in case of a total blackout.

Structured Cabling

TIA/EIA created a joint cabling standard.

Coaxial Cable

Not recognized by TIA/EIA for horizontal wiring.

Patch Panel

A device used to connect network cables.
It passes data along without modifying it.

NICs (Network Interface Cards)

Operate at Layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model.

Rack Systems

Two primary standard rack system widths: 19 inches and 23 inches.

### KVM Switch

Provides a central control portal for all devices on a rack.

Surge Protector

Protects computer equipment from momentary voltage increases.

### Twisted Pair Cabling Termination

No more than 1 inch of cable should be exposed to minimize cross talk.

Cable Installation

Cables should be installed at least 3 feet away from fluorescent lights or other sources of EMI.

Demarc

Located in the MDF of a structured cabling environment.
Represents the boundary between the service provider’s network and the customer’s network.

### KVM Switch

Typically used to simplify console access in a rack.

Ethernet

Exists at Layer 2 of the OSI model.

Maximum Distance for Horizontal Wiring

100 meters

Watt and Volt-Amps

1 watt is equal to 1.4 volt-amps.

### Noise

Voltage level fluctuations caused by other devices on the network or by EMI.

Cable Types for Horizontal Wiring (TIA/EIA)

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair): Copper-based cable with one or more insulated twisted-wire pairs in a plastic sheath.
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair): Copper-based cable with twisted-wire pairs individually insulated and surrounded by a metallic shield.
Fiber-optic cable: Contains glass or plastic fibers in its core and comes in two types: SMF (single-mode fiber) or MMF (multimode fiber).
Copper-based cable transmits data via electrical signals.
Fiber-optic cable transmits via pulsing light from a laser or LED.

### Brownouts and Blackouts

Brownout (Sag): Momentary decrease in voltage; can cause computers or applications to fail.
Blackout: Complete power loss; can cause significant damage to networks.

Analog Transmission

Measured by baud rate.

### Coaxial Cable Connectors

BNC connectors
F-connectors (used by cable TV)

Twisted Pair Cable and Gigabit Ethernet

Cat 5e and higher twisted-pair cables support Gigabit Ethernet.

Cat 6 Cable

The earliest twisted-pair cabling standard that meets the requirements for 10GBase-T transmissions.

Amplifier and Repeater

Amplifier: Boosts analog signals.
Repeater: Boosts digital signals.

### Analog Signal Properties

Amplitude: Strength at a given point in time.
Frequency: Number of times the amplitude cycles over a fixed time.
Wavelength: Distance between one peak and the next.
Phase: Progress of the wave over time compared to a fixed point.

Modem

Modulates digital signals into analog signals at the transmitter.
Demodulates analog signals into digital signals at the receiver.

### Baseband Transmission

Digital signals carried on a single channel.
Requires exclusive use of the wire’s capacity.
Example: Ethernet.

Broadband Transmission

Multiple transmissions share a single media.
Multipexing is used to manage multiple signals.
Example: Cable TV and internet.

### Multiplexing

Allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium.

### TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)

Divides a channel into multiple time intervals.

### WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

Uses one fiber-optic connection.
Carries multiple light signals simultaneously.

### DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

Used on most modern fiber-optic networks.
Provides extraordinary capacity.
Typically used on high-bandwidth or long-distance WAN links.

### CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

Developed after DWDM to lower the cost of transceiver equipment.
Channels are spaced more widely apart across the frequency band.

Cable Types

Straight-through cable: Identical RJ-45 plugs at both ends.
Crossover cable: Transmit and Receive wires reversed at one end.
Rollover cable (Yost or Cisco Console cable): All wires reversed, mirror image terminations; used to connect a computer to a router's console port.

Throughput

The amount of data transmitted during a given time period.

Noise

Any undesirable influence that degrades or distorts a signal.
Types:
- EMI (Electromagnetic Interference): Radio frequency interference.
- Cross-talk: Signal on one wire infringes on an adjacent wire signal.
- Alien Cross-talk: Occurs between two cables.
- NEXT (Near End Cross-talk): Occurs near the source.
- FEXT (Far End Cross-talk): Occurs at the far end.

### Attenuation

Loss of signal strength as it travels away from the source.

### Cross-talk

Occurs when a signal on one wire or cable interferes with a signal on an adjacent wire or cable.

### STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) Cable

Contains twisted-pair wires that are individually insulated and surrounded by a metallic shield.

### UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cable

Does not contain additional shielding.

Half-duplex Ethernet

Transmit pair uses simplex transmissions.
Receive pair uses simplex transmissions.
Twisted-pair cable uses half-duplex transmissions.

### Twist Ratio

Number of twists per meter or foot.
More twists per foot increases resistance to cross-talk and noise.

### SMF (Single-Mode Fiber)

The core is narrower than MMF.
Reflects very little light, minimizing dispersion.
More efficient over long distances than MMF.

### Fiber Cleaver

Scores the fiber strand for breaking, but does not cut it.

Short Circuit and Open Circuit

Short circuit: Connections exist where they shouldn't.
Open circuit: Needed connections are missing.

### Continuity Tester

Should not be used on a live network segment.

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Description

Test your knowledge on networking fundamentals, including Port Address Translation, addressing methods, and the significance of IP and MAC addresses. This quiz covers the essentials of networking layers and their components. Ideal for students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding of network protocols.