setting up a local network chapter 3
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Questions and Answers

Which type of network is ideal for personal devices like cell phones and laptops?

  • PAN (correct)
  • MAN
  • WAN
  • LAN

    • Which network category is typically used to cover a large geographic area that includes several smaller networks?

  • MAN
  • WMN
  • LAN
  • WAN (correct)

    • Which type of network is commonly used in areas where installing cables is difficult?

  • LAN
  • WMN (correct)
  • PAN
  • MAN

    • A network that covers a large campus or city is called a:

    <p>MAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of network would be most appropriate for a single office building?

    <p>LAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes bandwidth?

    <p>The measure of the maximum data transmission rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ISPs typically devote more bandwidth to which type of data transmission?

    <p>Downloading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an Internet Service Provider (ISP)?

    <p>To connect users to the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is latency in the context of network transmissions?

    <p>The delays in network transmissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of internet connection is commonly used by ISPs?

    <p>DSL and cable Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device connects the LAN to the ISP?

    <p>Modem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role does the ISP play in the network?

    <p>It provides internet services and connects to the internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of technology is used to connect the router to the ISP?

    <p>DSL or cable internet connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does LAN stand for?

    <p>Local Area Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the provided diagram, how do devices on the LAN communicate with the internet?

    <p>Via the router connected to the modem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology uses existing TV cable lines for internet connection?

    <p>Cable Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of line does DSL use for connections?

    <p>Copper phone lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device converts a PC's digital signals to analog for cable internet?

    <p>Cable modem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables DSL to use the same phone line for both voice and internet simultaneously?

    <p>Unused voice frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of DSL?

    <p>Uses coax cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common drawback of cable internet?

    <p>Service may become degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infrastructure does cable internet share with neighbors?

    <p>TV cable infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary step when using DSL to ensure a clear connection?

    <p>Filter phone line static</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of line does DSL use?

    <p>Dedicated phone line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true for both cable internet and DSL?

    <p>Both can sometimes be purchased on a sliding scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of having a DSL filter on phone jacks?

    <p>To reduce noise on phone lines and separate the DSL signal from the phone signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phone jack DOES NOT require a filter when using DSL in a home?

    <p>The jack used for the DSL modem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 'HPN' labeled on the DSL filter related to internet connections?

    <p>It means 'Home Phone Network' and relates to phone jacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a DSL filter is not used on other phone jacks but the one used by the DSL modem?

    <p>Interference and noise could disrupt both phone and internet services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equipment connects directly to the phone jack labeled 'DSL' on the filter?

    <p>A DSL Modem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which port on the modem/router is used to connect to the ISP?

    <p>Cable connection to ISP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the purpose of the port labeled 'Internal Ethernet network'?

    <p>To connect the LAN to the modem/router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is associated with the 'Reset button' on the modem/router?

    <p>Restoring the modem/router to factory settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connection does the blue-tipped cable provide?

    <p>ISP connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of satellite internet technology?

    <p>It requires line-of-sight wireless connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is accurate regarding fiber optic connections?

    <p>They can carry television, internet data, and voice communication on a single cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which internet technology is beneficial for providing high-speed connections in remote locations?

    <p>Satellite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might latency be an issue with satellite internet?

    <p>As a result of the distance data must travel to the satellite and back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the connection method of fiber optic cables?

    <p>Point-to-point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does WWAN stand for?

    <p>Wireless Wide Area Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about a base station in a Cellular WAN?

    <p>It might include multiple transceivers and antennas to support multiple technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the two established cellular technologies?

    <p>GSM and CDMA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected future of GSM and CDMA technologies?

    <p>They will be replaced by LTE and VoLTE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of dial-up internet?

    <p>Slow connection speeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to connect a computer to a cellular network using mobile broadband?

    <p>A mobile broadband hardware device and software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What card is typically needed for most networks when connecting a computer using mobile broadband?

    <p>SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) Card</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an option for connecting to a cellular network?

    <p>Ethernet cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option allows you to share a cellular network connection through a physical USB connection?

    <p>Cell phone tethering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of a mobile hotspot?

    <p>It allows multiple devices to connect wirelessly to a cellular network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cell tower consist of?

    <p>A radio transceiver and a ladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cell towers in a cellular WAN?

    <p>To provide cellular service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the areas represented by each hexagon in a cellular WAN?

    <p>Each hexagon represents a cellular base station</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits a 'cell' in the context of a cellular WAN?

    <p>A geographical area served by a cell tower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in connecting a computer to a network using a wired or wireless connection?

    <p>Install network adapter and drivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which port is used to connect a network cable for a wired network?

    <p>Ethernet RJ-45 port</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if the wireless network you are trying to connect to is secured?

    <p>Enter a security key</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When connecting to a wireless network, what icon should you click to begin the process?

    <p>Network icon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should you take to ensure the wired network connection is properly established?

    <p>Verify lights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you connect to a local network for the first time and it asks if you want to make the PC discoverable?

    <p>Click Yes for private networks and No for public networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you verify the availability of network resources on a private network?

    <p>Open File Explorer and drill down into the Network group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is required for some hotspots before gaining Internet connectivity?

    <p>Agreeing to terms of use on a captive portal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can you view and change network security settings in Windows 10?

    <p>Settings app &gt; Network &amp; Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you change the network profile type between Public and Private in Windows 10?

    <p>Settings app &gt; Network &amp; Internet &gt; Change connection properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action allows you to view the security key in a Wi-Fi connection?

    <p>Click Show characters in the Security tab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step to view the status of a wireless connection?

    <p>Open Control Panel and open Network and Sharing Center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is used to reset a network connection if there is a problem?

    <p>Select Disable from the shortcut menu and then select Enable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do you need to navigate to change adapter settings?

    <p>Control Panel's Network and Sharing Center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Network Connections window, what action is performed first to view a Wi-Fi connection's status?

    <p>Right-click the Wi-Fi connection and click Status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a virtual private network (VPN)?

    <p>To provide encrypted data transmission over the Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can manage a VPN?

    <p>Operating systems, routers, and third-party software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is data typically protected when using a VPN?

    <p>Encryption through tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of a VPN connection?

    <p>It involves setting up a tunnel over an existing connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When creating a VPN connection, what is the recommended action?

    <p>Follow the directions provided by the network administrator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step comes after clicking 'Set up a new connection or network' in Network and Sharing Center?

    <p>Click Connect to a workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is required in the 'Connect to a Workplace' box to set up a VPN connection?

    <p>IP address or domain name of the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which icon should you click to use the VPN connection after it is set up?

    <p>Network icon in the taskbar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might cause problems when connecting to a VPN?

    <p>Wrong authentication protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can you configure security settings for the VPN connection?

    <p>Properties of the VPN Connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in setting up a dial-up connection?

    <p>Install internal or external dial-up modem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do you enter ISP information during the dial-up connection setup?

    <p>In the Connect to the Internet setup window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action must be performed after selecting the dial-up connection from the Network icon?

    <p>Click Dial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sound indicates that the modem is dialing up the ISP?

    <p>A modem dial tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option must be chosen after opening the Network and Sharing Center window for setting up a dial-up connection?

    <p>Set up a broadband or dial-up connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which version of Internet Protocol defines 32-bit IP addresses?

    <p>IPv4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a 128-bit IP address typically written?

    <p>Eight hexadecimal numbers separated by colons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about IP address usage on networks is correct?

    <p>Some networks use both 32-bit and 128-bit IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses?

    <p>IPv4 defines 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 defines 128-bit addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which format is NOT associated with an IP address?

    <p>Six hexadecimal numbers separated by periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which server allows a device to request an IP address dynamically?

    <p>DHCP server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a host to communicate on a network?

    <p>IP address, default gateway, DNS server, and subnet mask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a computer's IP address called when it is manually assigned?

    <p>Static IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a default gateway in a network configuration?

    <p>To send data to other networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a subnet mask?

    <p>255.255.255.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default setting when configuring an IP address in Windows?

    <p>Dynamic IP addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To configure a static IP address, which of the following options should be selected?

    <p>Use the following IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tab in the network connection properties box allows you to access the IPv4 properties?

    <p>Networking tab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When setting a static IP address, which additional information must be provided alongside the IP address?

    <p>Subnet mask and default gateway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If given by the network administrator, where should DNS server addresses be entered?

    <p>Use the following DNS server addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a full duplex network adapter?

    <p>Sends and receives transmissions at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a network interface card (NIC)?

    <p>Connects a computer to a local network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential feature does every network adapter have?

    <p>A unique 48-bit MAC address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor to consider about the drivers a NIC uses?

    <p>Compatibility with the operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connection does a network adapter that is an external device typically use?

    <p>USB port</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be enabled in BIOS/UEFI setup for an onboard NIC to use Wake-on-LAN?

    <p>Wake-on-LAN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature allows the control of network traffic priority for specific applications?

    <p>Quality of Service (QoS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the status indicator lights on a network adapter?

    <p>To indicate network adapter activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does QoS need to be configured on to manage network priority?

    <p>Both the router and each computer's network adapter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What capability does Wake-on-LAN provide for a computer?

    <p>Wakes up the computer upon certain network communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a router in a SOHO network?

    <p>To manage traffic between two or more networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is necessary when setting up a SOHO network?

    <p>Configuring a multipurpose router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a router aid in traffic management?

    <p>By finding the best path for traffic to travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of setting up a multifunction router, what does SOHO stand for?

    <p>Small Office, Home Office</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device is crucial for managing traffic between the network and the internet in a SOHO setup?

    <p>Router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of a SOHO router allows it to assign IP addresses to computers on the network?

    <p>As a DHCP server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a SOHO router perform to enable wireless devices to access the internet?

    <p>As a wireless access point (WAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a SOHO router manage to block unwanted traffic from the internet?

    <p>As a firewall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a SOHO router when it routes traffic between the ISP network and the local network?

    <p>As a router</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of a SOHO router can be used to share files with network users by connecting an external hard drive?

    <p>As an FTP server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to maximize the physical security of a router?

    <p>Place it behind a locked door accessible only to authorized personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step after entering the IP address of the router in a browser?

    <p>Enter admin as the user name (or whatever user name is assigned)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antenna position is recommended for routers with external antennas?

    <p>Vertical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should a router be placed to create the best Wi-Fi hotspot for users?

    <p>Centrally located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you always do after finishing configuration changes on a router?

    <p>Save changes, click Logout, and close the browser window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified by a port number in a message directed to a computer?

    <p>The application running on the computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature do routers offer to prevent any unsolicited internet activity from getting into the network?

    <p>Disabling (closing) all ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can exceptions to a firewall rule be specified to allow unsolicited traffic from the Internet?

    <p>Using port forwarding or a DMZ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key function does a router's firewall perform?

    <p>Monitors and decides on the allowance of messages from the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term also refers to a port number used to identify an application?

    <p>Port address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for port forwarding to function correctly?

    <p>The computer must have a static IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must you acquire from your ISP to effectively perform port forwarding?

    <p>A static IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the security risks associated with using port forwarding?

    <p>More vulnerability to external attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device typically handles requests for communication from the Internet in port forwarding?

    <p>Firewall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes port forwarding?

    <p>Allowing external communication to a specific computer and port on the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of placing a computer in a DMZ?

    <p>To resolve issues with port forwarding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a whitelist specify in content filtering?

    <p>Websites that can be accessed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can content filtering criteria NOT be based on?

    <p>File type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes a DMZ in networking?

    <p>A network area not protected by a firewall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using content filtering, what is the role of a blacklist?

    <p>To list prohibited websites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of changing the Service Set Identifier (SSID) and disabling SSID broadcasting?

    <p>To hide the network name from casual users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many channels are available for wireless networks in the US?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can you do to address interference issues in a wireless network environment?

    <p>Switch to a different channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might you adjust the radio power levels on high-end access points (APs)?

    <p>To reduce interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of disabling SSID broadcasting?

    <p>Reduced network security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of enabling WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) in a wireless network?

    <p>Prioritization of audio, video, and voice traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does WPS generate the SSID and security key?

    <p>By using a random string of hard-to-guess letters and numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action should be taken to mitigate the security risk associated with WPS?

    <p>Enable auto disable after a few failed PIN entries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) specifically prioritize over other types of wireless network traffic?

    <p>Audio, video, and voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might WPS be considered a security risk?

    <p>It can be vulnerable if not managed well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the nslookup command primarily test?

    <p>DNS server name resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information can you request from a DNS server using the nslookup command?

    <p>Zone data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What encompasses the zone data that a DNS server is aware of?

    <p>A specific portion of the DNS namespace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reverse lookup in the context of the nslookup command?

    <p>Finding the host name from an IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command would you use to troubleshoot DNS name resolution issues?

    <p>nslookup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tracert command?

    <p>To resolve issues in reaching a destination host and display each hop to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a message once it exceeds its Time To Live (TTL) value?

    <p>The router drops the packet and sends an ICMP message back to the sender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'hop' in the context of the tracert command?

    <p>The movement a packet makes from one router to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protocol sends a message back to the host if a packet exceeds its TTL?

    <p>ICMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does the tracert command provide?

    <p>Each hop from the source to the destination host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the net user command?

    <p>To manage user accounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command would you use to map a network drive to the /Medical folder on the \bluelight remote computer?

    <p>net use \bluelight\Medical /user: &quot;Jean Andrews&quot; mypassword</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following operations requires an elevated command prompt window when using the 'net' commands?

    <p>Most 'net' commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command net use z: \bluelight\Medical accomplish?

    <p>Mapping a network drive to the /Medical folder with drive letter Z</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which 'net' command would be used to disconnect a computer from a shared resource?

    <p>net use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the netstat command?

    <p>To view statistics about network activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter of netstat would you use to display all connections and listening ports?

    <p>-A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which netstat parameter is used to show executable involved in creating each connection or listening port?

    <p>-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To display the owning process ID of a connection using netstat, which parameter should be used?

    <p>-O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a parameter used with the netstat command?

    <p>-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which netstat command provides statistics about all active connections and the ports the computer is listening on?

    <p>netstat -a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which netstat command option is useful for finding programs that might be using the connection and requires an elevated command prompt?

    <p>netstat -b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using netstat -b -o?

    <p>It includes the process ID of each program listed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command would you use to redirect the output of netstat to a file for later analysis?

    <p>netstat &gt;&gt;netlog.txt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following netstat commands lists the IP addresses of active connections?

    <p>netstat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are essential for a host to communicate with other hosts on local or remote networks?

    <p>IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a VPN protect data?

    <p>By encrypting data from the remote computer to a server on the corporate network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are network adapters commonly called?

    <p>NICs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are used to measure network performance?

    <p>Bandwidth and latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the two most popular ways to connect to the Internet?

    <p>Cable Internet and DSL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT typically served by a multifunction router in a SOHO network?

    <p>DNS server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT mentioned for allowing certain traffic initiated from the Internet past your firewall?

    <p>VPN tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do immediately after installing a new router?

    <p>Change the router’s password</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which encryption standards are recommended for securing a wireless access point?

    <p>WPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Windows command-line utility is used for network troubleshooting?

    <p>ping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Network Categorization

    • Networks can be classified by technology used and size of the network

    Network Types

    • PAN (Personal Area Network)
      • Consists of personal devices such as cell phones and laptops
      • Covers a small, localized area
    • LAN (Local Area Network)
      • Covers a small local area such as a home, office, or building
      • Typically confined to a small geographical area
    • WMN (Wireless Mesh Network)
      • Covers a limited geographic area
      • Popular in areas where cables are difficult to install
    • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
      • Covers a large campus or city
      • Larger than LAN, smaller than WAN
    • WAN (Wide Area Network)
      • Covers a large geographic area
      • Comprised of multiple smaller networks

    Internet Connection Technologies

    • Internet connection is facilitated through an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
    • Common types of internet connections are DSL and cable Internet (cable modem)
    • ISPs typically allocate more bandwidth for downloading data than uploading

    Key Concepts in Internet Connection

    • Bandwidth: the maximum rate of data transmission, measured in bits per second (bps)
    • Data throughput: the actual speed of data transmission over a network
    • Latency: the delay in network transmission, measured by the round-trip time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination and back

    Internet Connection Technologies

    • A local area network (LAN) connects to the internet via a DSL or cable internet connection and an internet service provider (ISP).
    • Devices on the LAN are connected to a router, which is linked to either DSL or cable internet connection.
    • An ISP (internet service provider) is a company that provides internet services.
    • The ISP connects to the internet.
    • The ISP acts as a bridge between a local area network (LAN) and the internet.

    Cable Internet vs DSL

    Cable Internet

    • Uses existing TV cable lines for internet connectivity
    • Always connected, with no need to dial up
    • TV signals and PC data signals share the same coax cable
    • Cable modem converts PC's digital signals to analog and vice versa
      • Enables data transmission over the coax cable

    DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

    • A group of broadband technologies offering varying speeds
    • Utilizes ordinary copper phone lines for internet connectivity
    • Always connected, with no need to dial up
    • Supports simultaneous use of the same phone line for voice and DSL
      • Allows for voice calls and internet access at the same time

    Cable Internet vs. DSL

    • Both cable internet and DSL can be purchased on a sliding scale, offering flexibility in pricing.
    • Cable modem technology shares the same infrastructure as TV cables, which can lead to degraded service quality due to shared bandwidth with neighbors.
    • In contrast, DSL uses a dedicated phone line, providing a separate connection for internet access.
    • However, DSL connections require a filter to remove static from the phone line, which can affect internet speeds.

    DSL Filters

    • DSL filters are required on every phone jack in a home, except for the one used by the DSL modem.
    • The filter is typically connected to a wall plate with a single phone jack and a DSL label.
    • A DSL filter has two jacks, one labeled "DSL" and "HPN", and the other labeled "Phone".

    Modem/Router Connections

    • The modem/router has several ports, including Voice-over-IP phone line, Internal Ethernet network, Cable connection to ISP, and Reset button.
    • A Voice-over-IP phone line is connected using a yellow cable.
    • The Internal Ethernet network is connected using a black cable.
    • The Cable connection to ISP is connected using a blue-tipped cable.

    Dedicated Line Using Fiber Optic

    • Fiber optic connections are dedicated, point-to-point (PTP) lines, ensuring no sharing of the line with others.
    • A single broadband fiber-optic cable supports multiple services, including television, internet data, and voice communication.
    • Upstream and downstream speeds, as well as prices, vary depending on the fiber optic connection.

    Satellite Internet

    • Satellite internet technology provides high-speed connections to remote areas, offering widespread coverage.
    • Satellite connections can be established anywhere, including in airplanes, making them highly accessible.
    • Two significant drawbacks of satellite internet are the requirement for line-of-sight wireless connectivity and the latency that occurs when uploading data.

    Internet Connection Technologies

    • Dial-Up
    • Least expensive and slowest internet connection technology
    • Also known as Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)

    Cellular WAN

    • Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) that covers a wide area
    • Comprised of cells created by base stations
    • Each base station can have multiple transceivers and antennas on the same tower
    • Supports multiple technologies
    • Two established cellular technologies: GSM and CDMA

    LTE and VoLTE

    • Expected to replace GSM and CDMA eventually
    • LTE: Long Term Evolution
    • VoLTE: Voice over LTE

    Cellular WAN Connection

    • To connect a computer to a cellular network, two essential components are required:
      • Hardware to facilitate the connection
      • Software to enable the connection
    • A SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) card is necessary for most networks

    Options for Cellular Network Connection

    • Embedded mobile broadband modem: a device with built-in cellular connectivity
    • Cell phone tethering: using a cell phone as a modem to connect to a cellular network
    • USB broadband modem: a USB device that connects to a computer and cellular network
    • LTE installed Internet: a broadband Internet connection using Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology
    • Mobile hotspot: a device that provides a cellular connection and shares it with other devices

    Cellular WAN Structure

    • A cellular WAN consists of many cells that provide coverage over a wide area.
    • The structure of a cellular WAN is represented by a honeycomb of hexagon shapes, each representing a geographical area.
    • Cell towers are situated inside each hexagon, providing cellular service.
    • A cell tower is a radio transceiver that consists of a small structure with a dish and a ladder attached to a tall radio mast.

    Connecting to a Network

    • To connect a computer to a network, install network adapter and drivers

    Wired Network Connection

    • Connect network cable to Ethernet RJ-45 port on the computer and network port
    • Verify lights to ensure connection is active
    • Windows will automatically configure the connection

    Wireless Network Connection

    • Click the Network icon and select a wireless network to connect
    • Click Connect to establish the connection
    • If the network is secured, enter a security key to gain access

    Connecting to a Wired or Wireless Local Network

    • To connect to a network, decide if the PC should be discoverable: click Yes for private networks and No for public networks

    Verifying Internet Connectivity

    • Open a browser to verify internet connectivity

    Captive Portal (Initial Page)

    • Some hotspots display an initial page, requiring code entry or agreement to terms of use

    Private Network Resources

    • On a private network, open File Explorer or Windows Explorer to access network resources

    Network Security Settings in Windows 10

    • Open the Settings app and click Network & Internet to view and change network security settings
    • Click Change connection properties and select either Public or Private

    Checking Wireless Connection Status

    • Open Control Panel and navigate to Network and Sharing Center to view wireless connection status
    • Click Change adapter settings to open Network Connections window
    • Right-click Wi-Fi connection and select Status to access Wi-Fi Status box

    Viewing Security Key

    • In Wi-Fi Status box, click Wireless Properties and select Security tab
    • Check Show characters to view security key

    Troubleshooting Network Connection Issues

    • To reset network connection, open Network Connections window and right-click network connection
    • Select Disable from shortcut menu and then re-enable the connection by right-clicking and selecting Enable

    Creating a VPN Connection

    • A VPN allows telecommuting employees to connect to a corporate network via the Internet
    • Data sent over the VPN is encrypted using a technique called "tunneling"
    • VPNs can be managed by operating systems, routers, or third-party software
    • A VPN connection is a virtual connection that is set up over an existing connection
    • When setting up a VPN, it is essential to follow the directions provided by the network administrator who hosts the VPN

    Creating a VPN Connection in Windows

    • To set up a VPN connection, go to Network and Sharing Center and click "Set up a new connection or network", then select "Connect to a workplace" and "Set up a dial-up or VPN connection to your workplace".
    • In the "Connect to a Workplace" box, select "Use my Internet connection (VPN)" and enter the IP address or domain name of the network, then name the VPN connection and click "Create".

    Connecting to a VPN in Windows

    • To connect to the VPN, click the Network icon in the taskbar and select the VPN connection from the list of available networks.
    • Click "Connect" and enter your user name and password, then click "OK".

    Troubleshooting VPN Connection Issues

    • Problems connecting to a VPN can be caused by using the wrong authentication protocols when passing the user name and password.
    • To configure security settings, click on the "Properties" of the VPN Connection.

    Setting up a Dial-Up Connection

    • Install an internal or external dial-up modem
    • Connect the phone line to the modem port on the computer and the wall jack
    • Access the Network and Sharing Center window to set up a connection or network
    • Select "Connect to the Internet" and then "Set up a broadband or dial-up connection"
    • Click "Next" and then select "Dial-up"
    • Enter ISP information and click "Create" to complete the setup

    Using the Dial-Up Connection

    • Click the Network icon in the taskbar to access the connection
    • Select the dial-up connection and click "Connect" and then "Dial"
    • The modem will dial up the ISP and establish the connection, which can be heard through the modem's sounds

    IP Addresses

    • Computers use IP addresses to find each other on a network
    • IP addresses are assigned to a network connection when the connection is first made

    IP Address Format

    • 32-bit IP addresses are written as four decimal numbers called octets, separated by periods
    • 128-bit IP addresses are written as eight hexadecimal numbers, separated by colons

    IP Address Versions

    • Most networks use 32-bit IP addresses, defined by IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)
    • Some networks use both 32-bit and 128-bit addresses, with 128-bit addresses defined by IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

    Host Requirements for Network Communication

    • A host is any device on a network that requests or serves data or services to other devices.
    • To communicate on a network or the Internet, a host needs its own IP address, subnet mask, IP address of a default gateway, and IP address of one or more DNS servers.

    IP Address Configurations

    • Static IP address: manually assigned to a computer's network connection.
    • Dynamic IP address: received from a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server on the network.

    DHCP Server

    • A server on the network that provides IP address and other network configuration information to hosts.

    Configuring Dynamic and Static IP Addresses

    • To access IP configuration settings, open Network Connections, right-click the network connection, and select Properties
    • In the Properties box, click the Networking tab to access IP configuration options
    • Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) is the default IP configuration protocol
    • By default, IP addressing is set to dynamic; to change to static, select Use the following IP address
    • To configure static IP addressing, enter the following information:
      • IP address
      • Subnet mask
      • Default gateway
    • If using DNS servers, select Use the following DNS server addresses and enter up to two IP addresses provided by the network administrator

    Network Adapters

    • A computer connects to a local network using a network adapter, which can be a network port on the motherboard or a network interface card (NIC)
    • External network adapters can also be connected via a USB port

    Key Features of Network Adapters

    • Drivers are required for a NIC to function
    • Ethernet speeds can be either full duplex or half duplex
    • Full duplex allows for simultaneous sending and receiving of transmissions
    • Half duplex only works in one direction at a time
    • Every network adapter has a unique 48-bit MAC address, hardcoded by the manufacturer

    Managing Network Adapters

    • Network adapters have status indicator lights that show their current state
    • Wake-on-LAN allows a computer to wake up when it receives certain network communication
    • For onboard NICs, Wake-on-LAN must be enabled in the BIOS/UEFI setup

    Quality of Service (QoS)

    • QoS enables control over which applications have priority on the network
    • QoS requires configuration on both the router and the network adapter of each computer

    Setting Up a Multifunction Router for a SOHO Network

    • To set up a SOHO network, configuring a multipurpose router is essential to connect the network to the internet
    • A router is a device that manages traffic between two or more networks
    • Routers can help find the best path for traffic to travel from one network to another

    Functions of a SOHO Router

    • A typical SOHO router combines multiple features, including:

    Routing Function

    • Stands between the ISP network and the local network
    • Routes traffic between these two networks

    Switching Function

    • Manages several network ports
    • Can be connected to wired computers or other network devices

    DHCP Server Function

    • Assigns IP addresses to all computers on the local network
    • Acts as a central IP address manager

    Wireless Access Point (WAP) Function

    • Enables wireless computers to connect to the Internet
    • Provides wireless network connectivity

    Firewall Function

    • Blocks unwanted traffic from the Internet
    • Restricts Internet access for local devices behind the firewall
    • Provides network security and protection

    FTP Server Function

    • Can be used to share files with network users
    • Requires an external hard drive to be connected
    • FTP firmware on the router is necessary for file sharing

    Router Placement and Physical Security

    • Place the router behind a locked door accessible only to authorized personnel for maximum security
    • Centrally locate the router to create the best Wi-Fi hotspot for users

    Configuring a Router with External Antennas

    • Raise the external antennas to vertical positions for optimal performance

    General Router Configuration Steps

    • Open a browser and enter the IP address of the router to access its setup page
    • Log in using the assigned admin username (or default admin credentials)
    • Navigate the router's firmware menus to change its configuration settings
    • Save changes when finished, then log out and close the browser window

    Limiting Internet Traffic on Your Network

    • A router's firewall examines each incoming message from the internet to decide whether to allow it onto the network.
    • Each message is directed to a specific computer and a particular application running on that computer, identified by a port number or port address.
    • Routers offer the option to disable (close) all ports, effectively blocking all incoming internet activity.
    • To allow unsolicited traffic from the internet, exceptions to this firewall rule must be specified using either port forwarding or a DMZ.

    Port Forwarding

    • Port Forwarding allows a firewall to receive and forward requests from the Internet to a specific computer and port on your network
    • Leasing a static IP address from an ISP is necessary for port forwarding to work
    • A computer on the network must have a static IP address to receive forwarded requests
    • Port forwarding increases vulnerability of your computer and network as it allows external users direct access to your private network

    Network Traffic Management

    • A DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is a network or computer that bypasses the firewall's protection.
    • Placing a device in the DMZ zone can help resolve issues with port forwarding.

    Content Filtering and Parental Controls

    • Routers often provide features for employers and parents to restrict internet access for specific computers or users.
    • Filtering criteria can be based on specific websites, categories of websites, keywords, services, time of day, or day of the week.
    • Blacklists define what cannot be accessed, while whitelists define what can be accessed.

    Wireless Network Security

    • The Service Set Identifier (SSID) is the name of the wireless network
    • Changing the default SSID is recommended as a security measure
    • Disabling SSID broadcasting is not a strong security method, as software can discover a non-broadcasted SSID

    WLAN Channel Selection

    • A channel is a specific radio frequency within a broader frequency
    • 11 channels are available for wireless networks in the US
    • Selecting a different channel can help minimize interference if experiencing issues

    Radio Power Level Management

    • High-end Access Points (APs) allow adjusting radio power levels to reduce interference
    • Adjusting radio power levels can also limit the range of the network
    • Radio power level adjustment can help save electricity

    Wireless QoS

    • Enabling WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) improves QoS for wireless devices
    • WMM prioritizes wireless traffic for audio, video, and voice over other types of wireless network traffic

    Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)

    • Generates a random SSID and security key using hard-to-guess letters and numbers
    • WPS can be a security risk if not managed well
    • Auto disable feature can be turned on to disable WPS after a few failed PIN entries

    Nslookup Command

    • The nslookup command is used to test and troubleshoot name resolution issues with DNS servers.
    • It allows users to request specific information from a DNS server's zone data.

    DNS Zone Data

    • Zone data refers to the portion of the DNS namespace that a DNS server is aware of.

    Reverse Lookup

    • A reverse lookup occurs when the nslookup command is used to retrieve a host name when only the IP address is known.

    Tracert Command

    • Useful for resolving issues reaching a destination host
    • Sends a series of requests to the destination computer and displays each hop to the destination
    • A hop occurs when a packet moves from one router to another

    Time To Live (TTL)

    • A message is assigned a TTL, which is the number of hop counts it can make
    • Packet is dropped by a router after TTL is exceeded
    • Router sends an ICMP message back to the host that sent the packet after dropping it

    Net Command Overview

    • The net command is a collection of multiple commands.

    Net Use Command

    • Used to connect or disconnect a computer from a shared resource.
    • Requires an elevated command prompt window.
    • Example usage: connect to a remote computer and map a network drive to a specific folder.
    • Syntax: net use \\remote_computer\folder /user: "username" password
    • Example: net use \\bluelight\Medical /user: "Jean Andrews" mypassword
    • Can map a network drive to a local drive letter: net use z: \\bluelight\Medical

    Net User Command

    • Manages user accounts.
    • Used to create, modify, or delete user accounts.

    Wireless QoS and Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)

    • Wireless QoS can be improved by enabling WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia), which prioritizes wireless traffic for audio, video, and voice over other types of wireless network traffic.
    • WPS generates the SSID and security key using a random string of hard-to-guess letters and numbers, but it can be a security risk if not managed well.
    • Turn on auto disable to disable WPS after a few failed PIN entries.

    Types of Networks and Network Connections

    • Networks can be categorized by technology used and size of the network.
    • PAN (personal area network) consists of personal devices such as a cell phone and laptop.
    • LAN (local area network) covers a small local area such as a home, office, or other building.
    • WMN (wireless mesh network) covers a limited geographic area and is popular in places where cables are difficult to install.
    • MAN (metropolitan area network) covers a large campus or city.
    • WAN (wide area network) covers a large geographic area and is made up of small networks.

    Internet Connection Technologies

    • Internet Service Provider (ISP) is used to connect to the Internet.
    • The most common types of connections are DSL and cable Internet (cable modem).
    • ISPs devote more available bandwidth to downloading and less of it to uploading.
    • Bandwidth is a measure of the maximum data transmission rate.
    • Data throughput is the actual network transmission speed.
    • Latency is the delay in network transmissions, measured by the round-trip time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination and back.

    Nslookup and Tracert

    • The nslookup command is used to test name resolution problems with DNS servers.
    • It allows you to request information from a DNS server's zone data.
    • A reverse lookup is when you use the nslookup command to find the host name when you know the IP address.
    • The tracert command is used to resolve a problem reaching a destination host.
    • It sends a series of requests to the destination computer and displays each hop to the destination.
    • A hop happens when a packet moves from one router to another.

    Internet Connection Technologies (continued)

    • Cable Internet uses existing TV cable lines and is always connected.
    • TV signals and PC data signals share the same coax cable.
    • Cable modem converts PC's digital signals to analog and converts incoming analog data to digital.
    • DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a group of broadband technologies that covers a wide range of speeds.
    • It uses ordinary copper phone lines and unused voice frequencies.
    • DSL is always connected and can use the same phone line for voice and DSL at the same time.
    • When deciding between cable internet and DSL, consider the sliding scale of costs and the possibility of service degradation.
    • DSL uses a dedicated phone line and requires filtering phone line static.

    Dial-Up and Cellular WAN

    • Dial-up or POTS (plain old telephone service) is the least expensive and slowest connection to the Internet.
    • Cellular WAN is a wireless wide area network (WWAN) that covers a wide area.
    • It is made up of cells created by base stations.
    • A base station might include more than one transceiver and antenna on the same tower to support multiple technologies.
    • Two established cellular technologies are GSM and CDMA.
    • Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Voice over LTE (VoLTE) are expected to ultimately replace GSM and CDMA.

    Connecting to a Network

    • To connect a computer to a network using a wired or wireless connection, follow these steps:
      • Install network adapter and drivers.
      • For a wired network, connect the network cable to the Ethernet RJ-45 port and network port, verify lights, and Windows should automatically configure the connection.
      • For a wireless network, click the Network icon and select a wireless network, click Connect, and if network is secured, enter a security key.
    • If this is the first time you've connected to a local network, you will be asked if you want to make the PC discoverable.

    Netstat and Net Use

    • The netstat command gives statistics about network activity and includes several parameters.

    • The net use command connects or disconnects a computer from a shared resource.

    • Use the net use command to pass a user name and password to a remote computer, and then map a network drive to a folder on that computer.### Network Connections

    • To view Wi-Fi security key, go to Wi-Fi Status box, select Wireless Properties, and check Show characters.

    • To reset a network connection, disable and then re-enable it in the Network Connections window.

    Creating a VPN Connection

    • A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is used to connect to a corporate network over the Internet, encrypting data using tunneling.
    • A VPN connection is a virtual connection that sets up a tunnel over an existing connection.
    • To connect to a VPN using Windows:
      • Go to Network and Sharing Center, click Set up a new connection or network, and select Connect to a workplace.
      • Enter the IP address or domain name of the network, name the VPN connection, and click Create.
      • To use the VPN connection, click the Network icon in the taskbar, select the VPN connection, and click Connect.

    Creating a Dial-Up Connection

    • To create a dial-up connection:
      • Install an internal or external dial-up modem.
      • Plug in the phone line and open the Network and Sharing Center window.
      • Click Set up a connection or network, select Connect to the Internet, and follow the prompts.
    • To use the dial-up connection:
      • Click the Network icon in the taskbar, select the dial-up connection, and click Connect.

    Dynamic and Static IP Configurations

    • IP addresses are used to find computers on a network and are assigned when a connection is made.
    • IP addresses can be 32-bit (IPv4) or 128-bit (IPv6) strings.
    • A host on a network needs an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses to communicate.
    • IP addresses can be manually assigned (static) or dynamically assigned by a DHCP server.

    Managing Network Adapters

    • A network adapter is used to connect to a local network and can be a network port, NIC, or external device.
    • Features to be aware of on an adapter include drivers, Ethernet speeds (full or half duplex), MAC address, status indicator lights, Wake-on-LAN, and Quality of Service (QoS).

    Setting Up a Multifunction Router for a SOHO Network

    • A router manages traffic between two or more networks and can be configured to stand between the ISP network and the local network.
    • A typical SOHO router combines features of a router, switch, DHCP server, wireless access point, firewall, and FTP server.

    Installing and Configuring a Router on the Local Network

    • When placing a router, consider physical security and central location for the best Wi-Fi hotspot.
    • To configure a router, open a browser and enter the router's IP address, then use menus on the main setup page to change the router's configuration.

    Limiting Internet Traffic on Your Network

    • A router's firewall examines incoming messages and decides whether to allow them onto the network.
    • Port forwarding allows incoming traffic from the Internet to a specific computer and port.
    • A DMZ is a computer or network that is not protected by a firewall and can be used if port forwarding doesn't work.
    • Content filtering and parental controls can be used to limit Internet access for specific computers, users, or categories of websites.

    Setting Up a Wireless Network

    • Change the default SSID and disable SSID broadcasting for security.
    • Select channels for the WLAN to reduce interference, and adjust radio power levels to limit the range of the network or save electricity.

    Netstat Command

    • The netstat command displays statistics about network connections, including active connections' IP addresses.
    • The command can be used to redirect its output to a file, e.g., netstat &gt;&gt;netlog.txt, which directs the output to a file named netlog.txt.

    Network Categorization

    • Networks are categorized by size as:
      • PAN (Personal Area Network)
      • LAN (Local Area Network)
      • Wireless LAN
      • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
      • WAN (Wide Area Network)

    Network Performance

    • Network performance is measured by:
      • Bandwidth (rate of data transfer)
      • Latency (delay in data transfer)

    Internet Connection

    • Two popular ways to connect to the Internet:
      • Cable Internet
      • DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

    Virtual Private Network (VPN)

    • A VPN protects data by:
      • Encrypting it from the remote computer to the corporate network server
      • Ensuring secure data transmission

    Host Configuration

    • A host requires:
      • IP address
      • Subnet mask
      • Default gateway
      • IP addresses for DNS servers
      • To communicate with other hosts on local or remote networks

    Network Adapters (NICs)

    • Network adapters are rated by:
      • Speed
    • Each NIC has a unique:
      • MAC (Media Access Control) address

    Multifunction Router Functions

    • A multifunction router in a SOHO network can serve as a router, switch, DHCP server, wireless access point, firewall, and FTP server.

    Router Security

    • Change the router's password immediately after installation.

    Firewall Configuration

    • Use port forwarding, DMZ, and content filtering with whitelists or blacklists to allow specific traffic from the Internet to bypass the firewall.

    Wireless Access Point Security

    • Secure a wireless access point by requiring a security key, disabling SSID broadcasting, and enabling encryption such as WPA2, WPA, or WEP.

    Network Troubleshooting Tools

    • Useful Windows command-line utilities for network troubleshooting include ping, ipconfig, nslookup, tracert, net use, net user, and netstat.

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    Description

    Learn about different types of networks, including PAN, LAN, WMN, and MAN, and their characteristics.

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