Nervous Tissue: Histology MT120225

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary functional characteristic used to classify different types of neurons?

  • Size and shape of the cell body
  • Arrangement of neurofilaments and neurotubules within the cytoskeleton
  • The number of their axons
  • The direction in which they propagate electrical signals (correct)

In the central nervous system (CNS), which glial cell type is responsible for myelinating axons, allowing for faster action potential propagation?

  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes (correct)

Which structural component is unique to the cerebellum and is essential for its role in motor coordination and balance?

  • Molecular layer
  • Purkinje cell layer (correct)
  • Granule cell layer
  • Pyramidal cell layer

How does white matter in the spinal cord contribute to the functioning of the central nervous system?

<p>It facilitates rapid communication between different areas of the CNS. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role do satellite cells play in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>Insulating neuronal cell bodies and regulating their microenvironment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key histological feature that differentiates the cerebral cortex from the cerebellar cortex?

<p>The presence of distinct layers of neuronal cell bodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ependymal cells contribute to the health and function of the central nervous system?

<p>By producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional consequence of myelination on nerve fibers?

<p>Increased speed of action potential propagation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the functional relationship between the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater?

<p>They work together to provide structural support and protection to the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier formed in part by astrocytes in the CNS?

<p>It selectively controls the passage of substances into the brain, protecting it from harmful agents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>Endoneurium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of gray and white matter differ between the cerebrum and the spinal cord?

<p>The cerebrum has gray matter externally, while the spinal cord has it internally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is characterized by a single process that bifurcates into two longer processes, often found in sensory ganglia?

<p>Pseudounipolar neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes myelinated from unmyelinated nerve fibers at the microscopic level?

<p>The presence of Node of Ranvier. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of microglia within nervous tissue?

<p>Protect the CNS by engulfing infectious agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ganglionic layer in the cerebral cortex?

<p>Motor planning and execution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a synapse, found in nervous tissue?

<p>To transmit signals from one neuron to another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cell myelinates PNS axons?

<p>Schwann Cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in the spinal cord are interneurons located?

<p>Dorsal horns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which meningeal layer consists of flattened mesenchymal derived cells?

<p>Pia Mater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells line the brain ventricles and spinal cord's central canal?

<p>Ependymal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are known as the “phagocytes of nervous tissue”?

<p>Microglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cell type allows for faster action potential propagation along axons?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are responsible for myelinating and insulating PNS axons?

<p>Schwann cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer surrounds each bundle of nerve?

<p>Perineurium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When observing a cross-section of the cerebellum, what layers would you expect to see inside-out?

<p>Molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, granular cell layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would most likely be observed in an unmyelinated nerve fiber?

<p>Smaller axons surrounded by schwann cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type protects CNS by engulfing agents and substances?

<p>Microglial cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fibers conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Gray Matter consist mostly of myelinated nerve fibers, some unmyelinated fibers, and glial cells.

<p>False (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From outermost to innermost, what are the layers of the body?

<p>Dura, Arachnoid, Pia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the components of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Nerves, ganglia, nerve endings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can pseudounipolar neurons mostly be found?

<p>Dorsal root Ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer contains the basket cells?

<p>molecular layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is white matter located internally or externally inside the spinal cord?

<p>Externally (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the germ layer from which nervous tissue is derived?

<p>Ectoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the dorsal and ventral horns in the spinal cord?

<p>Dorsal horns contain interneurons ventral horns contain multipolar motor neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the cerebral cortex, which layer is characterized by a high density of small, densely packed neurons and serves as a major recipient of input from other cortical areas?

<p>External granular layer (Layer II) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural characteristic differentiates the cerebellar cortex from the cerebral cortex?

<p>The presence of Purkinje cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the arrangement of white matter in the spinal cord?

<p>Surrounds the gray matter and contains ascending and descending fiber tracts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of astrocytes within the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Forming part of the blood-brain barrier and regulating the composition of the interstitial fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do unmyelinated nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) differ structurally from myelinated nerve fibers?

<p>Multiple axons are enclosed within a single Schwann cell, without individual insulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neuron morphology, what is the primary role of dendrites?

<p>To receive signals from other neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between a nerve and a tract?

<p>A nerve is a bundle of axons outside the CNS, while a tract is a bundle of axons inside the CNS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional role do satellite cells play in relation to neurons within ganglia of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>They provide structural support and regulate the microenvironment around neuronal cell bodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do oligodendrocytes facilitate neural transmission in the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>By myelinating multiple axons, increasing the speed of action potential propagation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which meningeal layer directly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, closely following their contours?

<p>Pia mater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of the arrangement of gray matter in the cerebral cortex?

<p>It is the site of neuronal cell bodies and synapses for higher-order processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ependymal cells play in maintaining the health and functionality of the central nervous system?

<p>They line the ventricles and central canal, aiding in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are pseudounipolar neurons typically found, and what is their primary functional role?

<p>Sensory ganglia; transmitting sensory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the endoneurium contribute to the function of a peripheral nerve?

<p>It surrounds individual nerve fibers, providing support and insulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microglia in the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>To act as phagocytes, removing debris and pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains the cell bodies of Purkinje cells?

<p>Purkinje cell layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following distinguishes a spinal ganglion from an autonomic ganglion?

<p>Spinal ganglia contain sensory neuron cell bodies, whereas autonomic ganglia contain motor neuron cell bodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most likely consequence of damage to ependymal cells within the central nervous system?

<p>Disruption of cerebrospinal fluid production and circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is characteristic of myelinated nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system, facilitating rapid nerve impulse conduction?

<p>Nodes of Ranvier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a typical synapse, what role do synaptic vesicles play in neurotransmission?

<p>To store and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes?

<p>Protoplasmic astrocytes are mainly located in gray matter and have shorter processes, while fibrous astrocytes are in white matter and have longer processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the functions of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells differ in the nervous system?

<p>Oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axons in the CNS, while Schwann cells myelinate a single axon segment in the PNS. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in central nervous system (CNS) physiology?

<p>It selectively restricts the passage of substances into the brain, protecting it from toxins and pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects the microscopic organization of the spinal cord?

<p>The gray matter forms an inner core surrounded by white matter, and the dorsal horns contain interneurons and sensory fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer(s) associate(s) with the Peripheral Nervous System?

<p>Endoneurium, Perineurium and Epineurium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neurons

The basic functional units of the nervous system, specialized for rapid communication.

Dendrites

Extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

Axon

A single, long extension of a neuron that transmits signals to other cells.

Axon hillock

A region where the axon originates from the neuron's cell body.

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Ganglia

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies located outside the central nervous system (CNS).

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Multipolar neurons

Neurons with one axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type in the CNS.

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Astrocytes

Small star-shaped glial cells in the CNS that provide structural and metabolic support to neurons.

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Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells in the CNS responsible for forming myelin sheaths around axons.

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Microglia

Phagocytic glial cells in the CNS that act as immune cells, removing debris and pathogens.

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Ependymal cells

Epithelial-like glial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, involved in producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Dura mater

The outermost of the three meningeal layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord; a tough, fibrous membrane.

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Arachnoid mater

The middle meningeal layer, characterized by a web-like structure filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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Pia mater

The innermost meningeal layer, directly adhering to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

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White matter

Area of the CNS primarily composed of myelinated axons. Responsible for transmitting information.

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Gray matter

Area of the CNS primarily composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons; the site of neural processing.

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Cerebral cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher-order cognitive functions.

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Cerebellar cortex

The outer layer of the cerebellum, responsible for motor control and coordination.

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Granular layer

The inner region of the cerebullar cortex composed of tightly packed granule cells and glomeruli.

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Purkinje cell layer

The middle layer of the cerebellar cortex containing Purkinje cell bodies.

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Dorsal horns

The small structures in the spinal cord that contain interneurons receiving sensory fibers.

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Ventral horns

The structures in the spinal cord that contain multipolar motor neurons.

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Ectoderm

Germ layer where nervous tissue originates.

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Nissl substance

The equivalent of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons, responsible for protein synthesis.

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Myelin

Lipoidal substance covering nerve fibers, insulating them and increasing the speed of signal transmission.

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Nerves, ganglia, nerve endings

The 'components' of the peripheral nervous system.

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Schwann cells

Glial cells in the PNS that form myelin sheaths around axons.

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Satellite cells

Glial cells that surround neuron bodies in ganglia, providing support and regulation.

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Epineurium

The external connective tissue coat of a nerve.

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Perineurium

Connective tissue that surrounds each bundle of nerve fibers.

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Endoneurium

Connective tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers.

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Internodal segments

Myelinated segments of nerve fibers that speed up impulses.

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Nerve vs. Tract

A nerve has connective tissue layers, a tract does not.

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Spinal vs Autonomic Ganglia

Sensory neurons in Spinal ganglia; autonomic ganglia contain visceral motor neurons.

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Study Notes

  • Lord is the true source of light and wisdom.
  • One can be granted a keen sense of understanding, retentive memory, and the ability to grasp things correctly through Him.
  • Grace allows accuracy, skill, and thoroughness to express clearly.
  • Guidance and progress are asked to be given at the start of work until completion.
  • This petition is made through Christ.
  • Amen ends the prayer.

Unit 4: Nervous Tissue

  • Laboratory focus is on Human Histology (Laboratory) MT120225 for the second semester of A.Y. 2024-2025.
  • The nervous system is split into 4 sections; overview of nervous tissue, the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, laboratory activities and a review.

Learning Outcomes

  • The student should be able to:
  • Differentiate neuron types based on structure.
  • Identify neuroglial cells in the CNS and PNS.
  • Distinguish brain and spinal cord regions by location and structure.
  • Identify cerebellum's histologic layers.
  • Differentiate myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers microscopically.

Nervous Tissue Overview

  • Typical neuron morphology is discussed.
  • Cell body, dendrites and axons are looked at and displayed through slides

Cells of the Nervous System

  • Includes neurons and glial cells.

Neuron Classification

  • Neurons can be classified as:
  • Pseudounipolar
  • Unipolar.
  • Bipolar
  • Multipolar

Synapse

  • The synapse structure is shown, the point where neurons connect and communicate.

Central Nervous System

  • The central nervous system is then looked at
  • Glial cells, a type of Central Neuroglia, include:
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells.

Central Neuroglia: Astrocytes

  • Central neuroglia includes astrocytes.
  • These astrocytes can be either:
  • Protoplasmic;or
  • Fibrous.
  • Immunohistochemical staining of astrocytes in brain white matter using anti-GFAP Antibodies is another way to study astrocytes.

Central Neuroglia: Oligodendrocytes

  • These are another type of central neuroglia

Central Neuroglia: Microglia

  • These are another type of central neuroglia

Central Neuroglia: Ependymal Cells

  • These are another type of central neuroglia

Connective Tissue of the CNS

  • The CNS contains connective tissue, containing 3 meningeal layers:
  • Dura Mater (outermost): This area includes dense irregular connective tissue, and connects to the periosteum of the skull.
  • Arachnoid Mater (middle): This area has 2 components: a sheet of connective tissue in contact with dura mater, and loosely arranged trabeculae connecting to pia mater
  • Pia Mater (innermost): This area is made of flattened mesenchymal derived cells.

CNS Structures

  • White matter consists of mostly myelinated nerve fibers along with some unmyelinated and glial cells
  • Gray matter consists of mostly neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, and neuroglial cells

Cerebrum

  • Is part of the Central Nervous System

Cerebral Cortex

  • Cerebral cortex layers are:
    • I Molecular layer.
    • II External granular layer.
    • III External pyramidal layer.
    • IV Internal granular layer.
    • V Internal pyramidal layer.
    • VI Multiform layer.
  • “Many Exes who Got Poisoned Inside GIT Promised to Move on” is a mnemonic for the layers.

Cerebellum

  • Is part of the Central Nervous System

Spinal Cord

  • Is part of the Central Nervous System
  • Gray matter is H-shaped. It has:
  • 2 dorsal horns containing interneurons that receive sensory fibers.
  • 2 ventral horns containing multipolar motor neurons.
  • White matter is located in the periphery and is made up of mostly myelinated ascending and descending fibers.

Lab Activities and Review

  • Will cover:
  • The germ layer where nervous tissue comes from.
  • Outer brain/inner spinal cord region.
  • Phagocytes of nervous tissue.
  • Functional unit of nervous tissue.
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum equivalents.
  • Cover neurons with single axons and multiple dendrites.
  • Cover the lipoidal substance found in the nerve fibers of the CNS and PNS.

Peripheral Nervous System

  • Components include: nerves, ganglia and nerve endings.

Glial Cell Types

  • Cell types include:
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal Cells
  • Schwann Cells
  • Satellite Cells.

Peripheral Neuroglia: Schwann Cells

  • These are a type of peripheral neuroglia

Peripheral Neuroglia: Satellite Cells

  • These are a type of peripheral neuroglia

Connective Tissue of the PNS

  • Includes: Epineurium, Perineurium and Endoneurium
  • Epineurium is the external coat of nerve
  • Perineurium surrounds each nerve bundle
  • Endoneurium surrounds each individual nerve fiber

Peripheral Nerve

  • Shown through slides

Peripheral Ganglion

  • Shown through slides

Myelinated Nerve Fibers

  • The sections are enclosed by a myelin sheath.
  • The sheath prevents the loss of nerve impulse.
  • Circular constrictions are nodes of Ranvier.
  • The internodal/schwann segments are also looked at

Peripheral Nerve

  • Shown through another slide

Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

  • There are naked axons and no multiple wrapping to form the myelin sheath.
  • Smaller diameter axons, schwann cells, and no nodes of Ranvier are noted.

Lab Activities and Review

  • Will define the relationship between a nerve and a tract.
  • Will define the relationship between the nucleus and the ganglion
  • Will differentiate between a spinal ganglion and an autonomic ganglion.

Next session:

  • Connective tissues will be looked at

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