Podcast
Questions and Answers
The ability to distinguish between myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers microscopically is a key ______ for students.
The ability to distinguish between myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers microscopically is a key ______ for students.
learning outcome
[Blank] are the neuron parts that receive signals from other neurons.
[Blank] are the neuron parts that receive signals from other neurons.
Dendrites
The ______ is a vital site where one neuron communicates with another, involving neurotransmitter release and receptor binding.
The ______ is a vital site where one neuron communicates with another, involving neurotransmitter release and receptor binding.
synapse
[Blank] are glial cells in the CNS, critical for myelination and faster nerve impulse transmission.
[Blank] are glial cells in the CNS, critical for myelination and faster nerve impulse transmission.
[Blank] are specialized central neuroglia cells lining the ventricles of the brain and aiding in the production/circulation of CSF.
[Blank] are specialized central neuroglia cells lining the ventricles of the brain and aiding in the production/circulation of CSF.
The brain and spinal cord are protected by three ______ which include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
The brain and spinal cord are protected by three ______ which include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
The ______ is the outermost of the three meningeal layers of the CNS, composed of thick dense irregular connective tissue.
The ______ is the outermost of the three meningeal layers of the CNS, composed of thick dense irregular connective tissue.
[Blank] consists mostly of myelinated nerve fibers, facilitating rapid communication within the central nervous system.
[Blank] consists mostly of myelinated nerve fibers, facilitating rapid communication within the central nervous system.
The cerebral cortex has six distinct layers; layer I is the ______, while layer VI is the multiform layer.
The cerebral cortex has six distinct layers; layer I is the ______, while layer VI is the multiform layer.
Unique cerebellar cortex cells, called ______, have extensive dendritic branching and play a crucial role in motor coordination.
Unique cerebellar cortex cells, called ______, have extensive dendritic branching and play a crucial role in motor coordination.
Sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal cord are mainly received by ______ in the spinal cord.
Sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal cord are mainly received by ______ in the spinal cord.
In contrast to oligodendrocytes, ______ myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system.
In contrast to oligodendrocytes, ______ myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system.
[Blank] glial cells surround and insulate PNS cell bodies and regulate nutrient and waste exchange.
[Blank] glial cells surround and insulate PNS cell bodies and regulate nutrient and waste exchange.
In the PNS, each bundle of nerve fibers is ensheathed by the ______, a protective connective tissue.
In the PNS, each bundle of nerve fibers is ensheathed by the ______, a protective connective tissue.
The peripheral nervous system contains myelinated fibers which have nodes of ranvier that create ______ which are internodal or schwann segments.
The peripheral nervous system contains myelinated fibers which have nodes of ranvier that create ______ which are internodal or schwann segments.
A key feature of unmyelinated nerve fibers is the absence of ______, leading to slower impulse conduction.
A key feature of unmyelinated nerve fibers is the absence of ______, leading to slower impulse conduction.
The ______ germ layer is the origin where nervous tissue is derived.
The ______ germ layer is the origin where nervous tissue is derived.
[Blank] acts a the phagocyte of the nervous tissue
[Blank] acts a the phagocyte of the nervous tissue
Recognizing the ______ is essential in understanding the complexity of the nervous system.
Recognizing the ______ is essential in understanding the complexity of the nervous system.
Recognizing ______ is key because it is equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Recognizing ______ is key because it is equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
A neuron that contains multiple dendrites and a single axon is a ______ neuron.
A neuron that contains multiple dendrites and a single axon is a ______ neuron.
A ______ covers nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS.
A ______ covers nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS.
The histological organization of the ______ allows for more complex data processing than the cerebelum.
The histological organization of the ______ allows for more complex data processing than the cerebelum.
While both containing neuron cell bodies the difference between a ______ and a ganglia is their location in the nervous system.
While both containing neuron cell bodies the difference between a ______ and a ganglia is their location in the nervous system.
Compared to autonomic ganglia key distinguishing features of ______ is their larger size and more prominent satellite cells.
Compared to autonomic ganglia key distinguishing features of ______ is their larger size and more prominent satellite cells.
The ______ matter is located on the outer part of the brain, while the spinal cord is the inner part of the tissue.
The ______ matter is located on the outer part of the brain, while the spinal cord is the inner part of the tissue.
Neurons are classified into structural classes where the most common is ______.
Neurons are classified into structural classes where the most common is ______.
Astrocytes in the central nervous system are important for forming what is called the ______, which protects the brain.
Astrocytes in the central nervous system are important for forming what is called the ______, which protects the brain.
The structural variations between the ______ and axon are critical for their respective functions in neuronal signaling.
The structural variations between the ______ and axon are critical for their respective functions in neuronal signaling.
In the CNS, ______ are responsible for clearing cellular debris and pathogens.
In the CNS, ______ are responsible for clearing cellular debris and pathogens.
Nerve impulse transmission is enhanced by insulation from the ______.
Nerve impulse transmission is enhanced by insulation from the ______.
The layers of the cerebral cortex differ in terms of cell types, densities and ______.
The layers of the cerebral cortex differ in terms of cell types, densities and ______.
The organization of the cerebellar cortex is highly ______, reflecting its primarily role in coordinating movement.
The organization of the cerebellar cortex is highly ______, reflecting its primarily role in coordinating movement.
Descending fibers are located in the ______ of the spinal cord.
Descending fibers are located in the ______ of the spinal cord.
The myelin sheath is discontinuous at the ______
The myelin sheath is discontinuous at the ______
Ganglia are nerve cell clusters located in the ______ nervous system.
Ganglia are nerve cell clusters located in the ______ nervous system.
Damage of axons occurs if there is damage to the neurolemma of the ______ cell.
Damage of axons occurs if there is damage to the neurolemma of the ______ cell.
Nerves are enveloped by connective tissue layers, where the ______ surrounds the entire nerve.
Nerves are enveloped by connective tissue layers, where the ______ surrounds the entire nerve.
The process of signal regeneration along a myelinated axon is referred to as ______ conduction.
The process of signal regeneration along a myelinated axon is referred to as ______ conduction.
Unmyelinated fibers display a ______ rate of conduction in contrast to Myelinated fibers.
Unmyelinated fibers display a ______ rate of conduction in contrast to Myelinated fibers.
A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites is classified as a ______ neuron.
A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites is classified as a ______ neuron.
The histologic region within the spinal cord characterized by interneurons receiving sensory fibers is known as the ______ horn.
The histologic region within the spinal cord characterized by interneurons receiving sensory fibers is known as the ______ horn.
Located peripherally, ______ matter primarily consists of ascending and descending myelinated fibers, facilitating rapid communication within the central nervous system.
Located peripherally, ______ matter primarily consists of ascending and descending myelinated fibers, facilitating rapid communication within the central nervous system.
Derived from flattened mesenchymal cells, the ______ mater is the innermost meningeal layer, closely adhering to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
Derived from flattened mesenchymal cells, the ______ mater is the innermost meningeal layer, closely adhering to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
The region in the brain characterized by a molecular layer, a Purkinje cell layer, and a granular layer is referred to as the cerebellar ______.
The region in the brain characterized by a molecular layer, a Purkinje cell layer, and a granular layer is referred to as the cerebellar ______.
Specialized glial cells that myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction, are ______ cells.
Specialized glial cells that myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction, are ______ cells.
The neuronal cell type that uses satellite cells around neurons of ganglia as electrical insulators are ______ cells.
The neuronal cell type that uses satellite cells around neurons of ganglia as electrical insulators are ______ cells.
The connective tissue surrounding each bundle of nerve in the PNS is the ______.
The connective tissue surrounding each bundle of nerve in the PNS is the ______.
The glial cell that is responsible for providing structural support and organization to the central nervous system (CNS) is the ______.
The glial cell that is responsible for providing structural support and organization to the central nervous system (CNS) is the ______.
The anatomical component which contains the blood vessel is the pia ______.
The anatomical component which contains the blood vessel is the pia ______.
The loss of nerve impulse would occur in which of the following structures of myelinated nerve fibers: circular ______.
The loss of nerve impulse would occur in which of the following structures of myelinated nerve fibers: circular ______.
The cells that move throughout the CNS that engulf infectious agents are ______ cells.
The cells that move throughout the CNS that engulf infectious agents are ______ cells.
When comparing gray matter in the cerebrum and the cerebellum, a key distinction lies in the presence of ________ cells in the cerebellar cortex, contributing to its distinct histological organization.
When comparing gray matter in the cerebrum and the cerebellum, a key distinction lies in the presence of ________ cells in the cerebellar cortex, contributing to its distinct histological organization.
The germ layer derivative of the nervous tissue is ______.
The germ layer derivative of the nervous tissue is ______.
The outer region of the brain and inner region of the spinal cord is comprised of ______ matter.
The outer region of the brain and inner region of the spinal cord is comprised of ______ matter.
[Blank] are equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
[Blank] are equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The lipoidal substance covering the nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS are ______.
The lipoidal substance covering the nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS are ______.
In nervous tissue, the ______ is the functional unit.
In nervous tissue, the ______ is the functional unit.
Many ________ who Got Poisoned Inside ________ Promised to Move on.
Many ________ who Got Poisoned Inside ________ Promised to Move on.
The system of loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with pia mater is the ______ mater.
The system of loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with pia mater is the ______ mater.
The glial cell replicates to occupy space lost by dying neurons: ______.
The glial cell replicates to occupy space lost by dying neurons: ______.
Ependymal cells are found in the ventricles of the brain, assisting in ______ and circulation.
Ependymal cells are found in the ventricles of the brain, assisting in ______ and circulation.
Unmyelinated nerve fibers have smaller diameter ______.
Unmyelinated nerve fibers have smaller diameter ______.
Unmyelinated nerve fibers lack nodes of ______.
Unmyelinated nerve fibers lack nodes of ______.
A ______ is a nerve within the central nervous system.
A ______ is a nerve within the central nervous system.
Flashcards
Multipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
A type of neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites, making it the most common type in the central nervous system.
Bipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
A neuron characterized by one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body.
Unipolar Neuron
Unipolar Neuron
Also known as a pseudounipolar neuron, it features a single process that splits into two longer processes; one going to the periphery and the other to the central nervous system.
Anaxonic Neuron
Anaxonic Neuron
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Synapse
Synapse
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Astrocytes
Astrocytes
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Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
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Microglia
Microglia
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Ependymal Cells
Ependymal Cells
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Meninges
Meninges
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Dura Mater
Dura Mater
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Arachnoid Mater
Arachnoid Mater
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Pia Mater
Pia Mater
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White Matter
White Matter
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Gray Matter
Gray Matter
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Schwann Cells
Schwann Cells
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Satellite Cells
Satellite Cells
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Epineurium
Epineurium
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Perineurium
Perineurium
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Endoneurium
Endoneurium
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Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Myelinated Nerve Fibers
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Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers
Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers
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Study Notes
- Human Histology (Laboratory) MT120225, Unit 4 focuses on nervous tissue.
- This module is for the second semester A.Y. 2024-2025 from UST General Santos, School of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Technology.
Learning Outcome
- The goal is to differentiate neuron types by structure.
- It is important to identify neuroglial cells in the CNS and PNS.
- Distinguish brain and spinal cord regions
- Identify cerebellum histologic layers.
- Differentiate myelinated from unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Topic Outline
- There will be an overview of nervous tissue.
- Discussions on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are included.
- There is a laboratory activities and review component.
Overview of Nervous Tissue
- Neurons have a distinct morphology, including axons and dendrites.
- The anterior horn of the human spinal cord can be stained with Toluidine Blue for study.
- Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum can be silver impregnated for viewing dendrites.
Cells of the Nervous Tissue: Neurons
- Multipolar neurons are a structural class of neurons.
- Bipolar neurons are a structural class of neurons.
- Unipolar neurons are a structural class of neurons.
- Anaxonic neurons are a structural class of neurons.
Classifications of Neuron
- Neurons are classified as pseudounipolar or unipolar.
- Other classifications include bipolar and multipolar.
Synapse
- Axons of presynaptic neurons send nerve impulses.
- Calcium ions are involved in the process.
- Synaptic vesicles contain Acetylcholine (ACh).
Central Nervous System
- Central neuroglia have several types: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal Cells.
- Astrocytes can be protoplasmic or fibrous.
- Astrocytes in brain white matter can be stained using anti-GFAP antibodies.
Connective Tissue of the CNS
- The CNS has 3 meningeal layers: Dura Mater (outermost), Arachnoid mater (middle), and Pia Mater (innermost).
- The Dura Mater is thick, dense, and irregular connective tissue continuous with the skull's periosteum.
- The Arachnoid mater has two components: a sheet of connective tissue and loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with the pia mater.
- The Pia Mater consists of flattened mesenchymal derived cells.
Structures of the Central Nervous System
- White matter mainly comprises myelinated nerve fibers, plus some unmyelinated fibers and glial cells.
- Gray matter mainly comprises neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, and neuroglial cells.
- Many Exes who Got Poisoned Inside GIT Promised to Move on - Mnemonic aid for layers of the cerebral cortex
- The cerebellum has a distinct structure with a cerebellar cortex, molecular layer, granule cell layer, and white matter.
Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord
- The grey matter is H-shaped and contains 2 dorsal and 2 ventral horns.
- The dorsal horns contain interneurons that receive sensory fibers.
- The ventral horns contain multipolar motor neurons.
- White matter is peripherally located and comprised of ascending and descending myelinated fibers.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structures
- The PNS has these components: nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings.
Cells of the Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells in PNS
- Glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, and satellite cells.
- Satellite cells electrically insulate PNS cell bodies and regulate nutrient and waste exchange.
- Neurolemmocytes surround and insulate PNS axons, myelinating those of larger diameters for faster action potential propagation.
Peripheral Neuroglia
- Schwann cells are a type of peripheral neuroglia.
- Satellite cells form another type of peripheral neuroglia.
Connective Tissue of the PNS
- Epineurium is the external coat of a nerve.
- Perineurium surrounds each nerve bundle.
- Endoneurium surrounds individual nerve fibers.
Peripheral Nervous System: Peripheral Nerve
- This system includes myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.
- Myelinated nerve fibers are enclosed by myelin sheaths.
- The myelin sheath prevents loss of nerve impulse.
- Circular constrictions occur at the nodes of Ranvier.
- Unmyelinated fibers are naked axons without multiple wrapping, having smaller diameters, with Schwann cells and no nodes of Ranvier.
Laboratory Activities and Review
- Identify the germ layer where nervous tissue comes from.
- Describe the outer region of the brain, and the inner region of the spinal cord.
- Identify the phagocyte of the nervous tissue.
- Identify the functional unit of a nervous tissue.
- Identify an equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- Describe neurons with a single axon and multiple dendrites.
- Name the lipoidal substance covering nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS.
Differentiating Features
- Differentiate microscopic features among neuron types.
- Describe the difference between gray matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum.
- Differentiate between a nerve and a tract, also between a nucleus and a ganglion.
- Differentiate between spinal and autonomic ganglia.
Next Session
- The next session includes a pre-laboratory discussion on connective tissues (Ex 7-10.)
- Peripheral Blood Smear Preparation, Ex 7: General Connective Tissues, Ex 8: Connective Tissues with Special Features will also be reviewed.
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