Human Histology: Nervous Tissue (Lab)

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Questions and Answers

The ability to distinguish between myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers microscopically is a key ______ for students.

learning outcome

[Blank] are the neuron parts that receive signals from other neurons.

Dendrites

The ______ is a vital site where one neuron communicates with another, involving neurotransmitter release and receptor binding.

synapse

[Blank] are glial cells in the CNS, critical for myelination and faster nerve impulse transmission.

<p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are specialized central neuroglia cells lining the ventricles of the brain and aiding in the production/circulation of CSF.

<p>Ependymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain and spinal cord are protected by three ______ which include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

<p>meningeal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the outermost of the three meningeal layers of the CNS, composed of thick dense irregular connective tissue.

<p>dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] consists mostly of myelinated nerve fibers, facilitating rapid communication within the central nervous system.

<p>White matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebral cortex has six distinct layers; layer I is the ______, while layer VI is the multiform layer.

<p>molecular layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unique cerebellar cortex cells, called ______, have extensive dendritic branching and play a crucial role in motor coordination.

<p>Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal cord are mainly received by ______ in the spinal cord.

<p>dorsal horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to oligodendrocytes, ______ myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system.

<p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] glial cells surround and insulate PNS cell bodies and regulate nutrient and waste exchange.

<p>Satellite</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the PNS, each bundle of nerve fibers is ensheathed by the ______, a protective connective tissue.

<p>perineurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral nervous system contains myelinated fibers which have nodes of ranvier that create ______ which are internodal or schwann segments.

<p>circular constrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key feature of unmyelinated nerve fibers is the absence of ______, leading to slower impulse conduction.

<p>multiple wrapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ germ layer is the origin where nervous tissue is derived.

<p>outer</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] acts a the phagocyte of the nervous tissue

<p>Microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recognizing the ______ is essential in understanding the complexity of the nervous system.

<p>functional unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recognizing ______ is key because it is equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

<p>Nissl bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neuron that contains multiple dendrites and a single axon is a ______ neuron.

<p>multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ covers nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS.

<p>lipoidal substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The histological organization of the ______ allows for more complex data processing than the cerebelum.

<p>cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

While both containing neuron cell bodies the difference between a ______ and a ganglia is their location in the nervous system.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to autonomic ganglia key distinguishing features of ______ is their larger size and more prominent satellite cells.

<p>spinal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ matter is located on the outer part of the brain, while the spinal cord is the inner part of the tissue.

<p>gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons are classified into structural classes where the most common is ______.

<p>multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Astrocytes in the central nervous system are important for forming what is called the ______, which protects the brain.

<p>blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structural variations between the ______ and axon are critical for their respective functions in neuronal signaling.

<p>dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the CNS, ______ are responsible for clearing cellular debris and pathogens.

<p>microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerve impulse transmission is enhanced by insulation from the ______.

<p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

The layers of the cerebral cortex differ in terms of cell types, densities and ______.

<p>organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organization of the cerebellar cortex is highly ______, reflecting its primarily role in coordinating movement.

<p>laminar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descending fibers are located in the ______ of the spinal cord.

<p>white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The myelin sheath is discontinuous at the ______

<p>nodes of ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ganglia are nerve cell clusters located in the ______ nervous system.

<p>peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage of axons occurs if there is damage to the neurolemma of the ______ cell.

<p>Schwann</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerves are enveloped by connective tissue layers, where the ______ surrounds the entire nerve.

<p>epineurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of signal regeneration along a myelinated axon is referred to as ______ conduction.

<p>saltatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated fibers display a ______ rate of conduction in contrast to Myelinated fibers.

<p>slower</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites is classified as a ______ neuron.

<p>multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The histologic region within the spinal cord characterized by interneurons receiving sensory fibers is known as the ______ horn.

<p>dorsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Located peripherally, ______ matter primarily consists of ascending and descending myelinated fibers, facilitating rapid communication within the central nervous system.

<p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

Derived from flattened mesenchymal cells, the ______ mater is the innermost meningeal layer, closely adhering to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

<p>pia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The region in the brain characterized by a molecular layer, a Purkinje cell layer, and a granular layer is referred to as the cerebellar ______.

<p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Specialized glial cells that myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction, are ______ cells.

<p>schwann</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neuronal cell type that uses satellite cells around neurons of ganglia as electrical insulators are ______ cells.

<p>ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The connective tissue surrounding each bundle of nerve in the PNS is the ______.

<p>perineurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The glial cell that is responsible for providing structural support and organization to the central nervous system (CNS) is the ______.

<p>astrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anatomical component which contains the blood vessel is the pia ______.

<p>mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

The loss of nerve impulse would occur in which of the following structures of myelinated nerve fibers: circular ______.

<p>constrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cells that move throughout the CNS that engulf infectious agents are ______ cells.

<p>microglial</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing gray matter in the cerebrum and the cerebellum, a key distinction lies in the presence of ________ cells in the cerebellar cortex, contributing to its distinct histological organization.

<p>Purkinje</p> Signup and view all the answers

The germ layer derivative of the nervous tissue is ______.

<p>ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer region of the brain and inner region of the spinal cord is comprised of ______ matter.

<p>gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

<p>nissl bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lipoidal substance covering the nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS are ______.

<p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

In nervous tissue, the ______ is the functional unit.

<p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many ________ who Got Poisoned Inside ________ Promised to Move on.

<p>Exes, GIT</p> Signup and view all the answers

The system of loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with pia mater is the ______ mater.

<p>arachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The glial cell replicates to occupy space lost by dying neurons: ______.

<p>astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ependymal cells are found in the ventricles of the brain, assisting in ______ and circulation.

<p>production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated nerve fibers have smaller diameter ______.

<p>axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated nerve fibers lack nodes of ______.

<p>ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a nerve within the central nervous system.

<p>tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Multipolar Neuron

A type of neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites, making it the most common type in the central nervous system.

Bipolar Neuron

A neuron characterized by one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body.

Unipolar Neuron

Also known as a pseudounipolar neuron, it features a single process that splits into two longer processes; one going to the periphery and the other to the central nervous system.

Anaxonic Neuron

A neuron with many dendrites but no axon.

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell, where communication occurs.

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Astrocytes

Located in the CNS, these cells form part of the blood-brain barrier, regulate fluid composition, and provide structural support.

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Oligodendrocyte

A glial cell in the CNS that myelinates axons, enhancing the speed of electrical signal transmission.

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Microglia

Phagocytic glial cells in the CNS that protect the brain by engulfing infectious agents and cellular debris.

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Ependymal Cells

Glial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, aiding in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Meninges

Three layers of connective tissue protecting the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

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Dura Mater

The outermost, tough layer of the meninges, made of thick dense irregular connective tissue.

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Arachnoid Mater

The middle layer of the meninges, featuring a sheet of connective tissue and a system of loosely arranged trabeculae.

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Pia Mater

The innermost layer of the meninges, consisting of flattened mesenchymal-derived cells in direct contact with the neural tissue.

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White Matter

Area of the central nervous system that is mostly myelinated nerve fibers.

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Gray Matter

Area of the central nervous system that is is mostly neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, and neuroglial cells.

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Schwann Cells

Located in the PNS, these cells surround and insulate PNS axons and myelinate those having large diameters.

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Satellite Cells

Located in PNS, these cells electrically insulates PNS cell bodies and regulate nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in ganglia

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Epineurium

The outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve.

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Perineurium

A fibrous connective tissue sheath that surrounds each bundle of nerve fibers (fascicle) in a peripheral nerve.

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Endoneurium

The innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers in a peripheral nerve.

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Myelinated Nerve Fibers

Nerve fibers that are enclosed by myelin sheath.

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Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

Nerve fibers where the axons are naked, have no multiple wrapping to form a myelin sheath, and has smaller diameter axons

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Study Notes

  • Human Histology (Laboratory) MT120225, Unit 4 focuses on nervous tissue.
  • This module is for the second semester A.Y. 2024-2025 from UST General Santos, School of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Technology.

Learning Outcome

  • The goal is to differentiate neuron types by structure.
  • It is important to identify neuroglial cells in the CNS and PNS.
  • Distinguish brain and spinal cord regions
  • Identify cerebellum histologic layers.
  • Differentiate myelinated from unmyelinated nerve fibers.

Topic Outline

  • There will be an overview of nervous tissue.
  • Discussions on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are included.
  • There is a laboratory activities and review component.

Overview of Nervous Tissue

  • Neurons have a distinct morphology, including axons and dendrites.
  • The anterior horn of the human spinal cord can be stained with Toluidine Blue for study.
  • Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum can be silver impregnated for viewing dendrites.

Cells of the Nervous Tissue: Neurons

  • Multipolar neurons are a structural class of neurons.
  • Bipolar neurons are a structural class of neurons.
  • Unipolar neurons are a structural class of neurons.
  • Anaxonic neurons are a structural class of neurons.

Classifications of Neuron

  • Neurons are classified as pseudounipolar or unipolar.
  • Other classifications include bipolar and multipolar.

Synapse

  • Axons of presynaptic neurons send nerve impulses.
  • Calcium ions are involved in the process.
  • Synaptic vesicles contain Acetylcholine (ACh).

Central Nervous System

  • Central neuroglia have several types: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal Cells.
  • Astrocytes can be protoplasmic or fibrous.
  • Astrocytes in brain white matter can be stained using anti-GFAP antibodies.

Connective Tissue of the CNS

  • The CNS has 3 meningeal layers: Dura Mater (outermost), Arachnoid mater (middle), and Pia Mater (innermost).
  • The Dura Mater is thick, dense, and irregular connective tissue continuous with the skull's periosteum.
  • The Arachnoid mater has two components: a sheet of connective tissue and loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with the pia mater.
  • The Pia Mater consists of flattened mesenchymal derived cells.

Structures of the Central Nervous System

  • White matter mainly comprises myelinated nerve fibers, plus some unmyelinated fibers and glial cells.
  • Gray matter mainly comprises neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, and neuroglial cells.
  • Many Exes who Got Poisoned Inside GIT Promised to Move on - Mnemonic aid for layers of the cerebral cortex
  • The cerebellum has a distinct structure with a cerebellar cortex, molecular layer, granule cell layer, and white matter.

Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord

  • The grey matter is H-shaped and contains 2 dorsal and 2 ventral horns.
  • The dorsal horns contain interneurons that receive sensory fibers.
  • The ventral horns contain multipolar motor neurons.
  • White matter is peripherally located and comprised of ascending and descending myelinated fibers.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structures

  • The PNS has these components: nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings.

Cells of the Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells in PNS

  • Glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, and satellite cells.
  • Satellite cells electrically insulate PNS cell bodies and regulate nutrient and waste exchange.
  • Neurolemmocytes surround and insulate PNS axons, myelinating those of larger diameters for faster action potential propagation.

Peripheral Neuroglia

  • Schwann cells are a type of peripheral neuroglia.
  • Satellite cells form another type of peripheral neuroglia.

Connective Tissue of the PNS

  • Epineurium is the external coat of a nerve.
  • Perineurium surrounds each nerve bundle.
  • Endoneurium surrounds individual nerve fibers.

Peripheral Nervous System: Peripheral Nerve

  • This system includes myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.
  • Myelinated nerve fibers are enclosed by myelin sheaths.
  • The myelin sheath prevents loss of nerve impulse.
  • Circular constrictions occur at the nodes of Ranvier.
  • Unmyelinated fibers are naked axons without multiple wrapping, having smaller diameters, with Schwann cells and no nodes of Ranvier.

Laboratory Activities and Review

  • Identify the germ layer where nervous tissue comes from.
  • Describe the outer region of the brain, and the inner region of the spinal cord.
  • Identify the phagocyte of the nervous tissue.
  • Identify the functional unit of a nervous tissue.
  • Identify an equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Describe neurons with a single axon and multiple dendrites.
  • Name the lipoidal substance covering nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS.

Differentiating Features

  • Differentiate microscopic features among neuron types.
  • Describe the difference between gray matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum.
  • Differentiate between a nerve and a tract, also between a nucleus and a ganglion.
  • Differentiate between spinal and autonomic ganglia.

Next Session

  • The next session includes a pre-laboratory discussion on connective tissues (Ex 7-10.)
  • Peripheral Blood Smear Preparation, Ex 7: General Connective Tissues, Ex 8: Connective Tissues with Special Features will also be reviewed.

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