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Questions and Answers
What primary role do neurons serve in the nervous system?
What primary role do neurons serve in the nervous system?
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for processing sensory information?
Which component of the nervous system is responsible for processing sensory information?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
What type of cells support neurons in the nervous system?
What type of cells support neurons in the nervous system?
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What is the main purpose of sensory receptors in the body?
What is the main purpose of sensory receptors in the body?
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How do reflex actions relate to the nervous system?
How do reflex actions relate to the nervous system?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the spinal cord?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the spinal cord?
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Which of the following accurately describes the role of the brain in the nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of the brain in the nervous system?
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What type of sensory receptor responds to light for vision?
What type of sensory receptor responds to light for vision?
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Which part of the eye includes the sclera and cornea?
Which part of the eye includes the sclera and cornea?
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Which part of the ear is responsible for hearing?
Which part of the ear is responsible for hearing?
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How do general senses differ from special senses?
How do general senses differ from special senses?
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Which of the following structures are part of the middle ear?
Which of the following structures are part of the middle ear?
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Which structure detects dynamic equilibrium?
Which structure detects dynamic equilibrium?
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What primarily categorizes special senses?
What primarily categorizes special senses?
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What is the function of chemoreceptors?
What is the function of chemoreceptors?
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Which neurotransmitter is secreted by all preganglionic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is secreted by all preganglionic neurons?
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Which plexus is responsible for innervating smooth and cardiac muscles?
Which plexus is responsible for innervating smooth and cardiac muscles?
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What type of pain sensation is characterized as sharp and pricking?
What type of pain sensation is characterized as sharp and pricking?
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Which of the following statements regarding postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division is true?
Which of the following statements regarding postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division is true?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following is primarily detected by Pacinian corpuscles?
Which of the following is primarily detected by Pacinian corpuscles?
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Which spinal nerves are associated with the brachial plexus?
Which spinal nerves are associated with the brachial plexus?
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The sympathetic division is often associated with which type of response?
The sympathetic division is often associated with which type of response?
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What is the primary role of the nervous system?
What is the primary role of the nervous system?
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What occurs during depolarization in nerve cells?
What occurs during depolarization in nerve cells?
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What is one primary function of the reticular activating system (RAS)?
What is one primary function of the reticular activating system (RAS)?
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Which system is responsible for involuntary control of bodily functions?
Which system is responsible for involuntary control of bodily functions?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for balance and coordination?
Which of the following structures is responsible for balance and coordination?
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What happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarization?
What happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarization?
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What is the most superficial layer of the meninges?
What is the most superficial layer of the meninges?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in processing sensory information?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in processing sensory information?
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Which channel opens during repolarization of a nerve cell?
Which channel opens during repolarization of a nerve cell?
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Which part of the brain serves as the relay center for sensory information?
Which part of the brain serves as the relay center for sensory information?
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What is one function of the diencephalon?
What is one function of the diencephalon?
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What is the function of sensory receptors in the nervous system?
What is the function of sensory receptors in the nervous system?
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Which of the following ions primarily causes depolarization in a nerve cell?
Which of the following ions primarily causes depolarization in a nerve cell?
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The middle layer of the meninges is known as what?
The middle layer of the meninges is known as what?
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What is one characteristic of the pia mater?
What is one characteristic of the pia mater?
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Which of the following cannot be associated with the olfactory system?
Which of the following cannot be associated with the olfactory system?
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What structure connects the central nervous system to the endocrine system?
What structure connects the central nervous system to the endocrine system?
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Which portion of the spinal cord consists of myelinated axons?
Which portion of the spinal cord consists of myelinated axons?
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The pineal gland is primarily involved in which physiological function?
The pineal gland is primarily involved in which physiological function?
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Which column of the spinal cord carries descending tracts?
Which column of the spinal cord carries descending tracts?
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What structure provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?
What structure provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?
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Which part of the brain is involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors?
Which part of the brain is involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors?
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What best describes the Cauda Equina?
What best describes the Cauda Equina?
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Which columns in the spinal cord are primarily responsible for carrying sensory information?
Which columns in the spinal cord are primarily responsible for carrying sensory information?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Structures and Functions
- The nervous system regulates and coordinates body functions to maintain homeostasis
- It receives signals, sends commands, and coordinates functions
- The brain receives sensory information, stores memories, and controls movement
- The spinal cord carries messages between the brain and the body
- Nerves send electrical signals controlling sensations, movement, and bodily functions
- Glial cells support neurons
Action Potentials/Nerve Impulses
- Nerve impulses are electrical signals carried along neurons
- Depolarization: Increased positive charge inside the nerve cell, caused by sodium (Na+) channel opening
- Repolarization: Increased negative charge inside the nerve cell, caused by potassium (K+) channel opening
- Hyperpolarization: Membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting state
Functions of the Nervous System
- Maintaining homeostasis: Detecting, interpreting, and responding to changes in internal and external conditions
- Receiving sensory input: Sensory receptors monitor internal and external stimuli (e.g., blood pH, blood gasses)
- Integrating information: Processing sensory input and initiating responses
- Controlling muscles and glands: Contraction of skeletal muscles and control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
- Establishing and maintaining mental activity: Consciousness, memory, and thought processes
Types and Structure of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nervous tissue outside the CNS (nerves and ganglia)
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements
- Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate)
- Enteric Nervous System: Controls the digestive system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Spinal Cord: Connects the brain to the body
- Extends from the base of the skull to the lumbar vertebra
- Contains white matter (myelinated axons) and gray matter (neuron cell bodies, dendrites)
- Brain: Controls higher functions
- Major regions: brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
- Medulla oblongata: Autonomic functions (e.g., blood pressure)
- Pons: Relays signals between brain regions
- Midbrain: Controls eye movements
- Cerebellum: Balance, movement, coordination
- Diencephalon: Connects cerebrum and other systems. Thalamus: Sensory relay center
- Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis and connects CNS to the endocrine system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs attached to the brain (sensory and motor functions of head and neck)
- Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs connected to the spinal cord, carrying sensory and motor information to and from the body
- Ganglia: Groups of neuron cell bodies
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Somatic nervous system: Voluntary movements
- Autonomic nervous system: Involuntary movements
- Sympathetic division: "Fight or flight" response
- Parasympathetic Division: "Rest and digest"
- Enteric nervous system: Controls the digestive system
Spinal Nerves
- Mixed nerves containing sensory and motor neurons.
- Categorized by vertebral column regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Sensory Receptors
- Mechanoreceptors: Respond to mechanical stimuli
- Chemoreceptors: Respond to chemicals
- Photoreceptors: Respond to light
- Thermoreceptors: Respond to temperature changes
- Nociceptors: Respond to pain stimuli
General Senses
- Free nerve endings, Merkel disks, hair follicle receptors, Meissner corpuscles
Protective Structures of the CNS
- Meninges: Three connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater)
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Provides a protective cushion around the CNS
Sensory Systems
- Vision, hearing, taste, olfaction and balance, are discussed. Includes the structures and processes.
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Description
This quiz explores the key structures and functions of the nervous system, including the roles of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. You'll learn about action potentials, nerve impulses, and how the nervous system maintains homeostasis. Test your understanding of these vital processes!
