Nervous System Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

Which statement about the spinal cord's function is correct?

  • The spinal cord does not produce any reflexes.
  • The spinal cord is solely responsible for voluntary movement.
  • The spinal cord conveys information only to the brain.
  • The spinal cord generates locomotion patterns independently of the brain. (correct)

    • What is the primary role of afferent neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

  • They transmit sensory information to the CNS. (correct)
  • They regulate voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
  • They transmit information away from the CNS.
  • They initiate reflex actions in response to stimuli.

    • Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?

  • It regulates arousal and relaxation functions. (correct)
  • It controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
  • It is solely responsible for the knee-jerk reflex action.
  • It exerts complete control over all sensory interpretations.

    • What characteristic distinguishes the sympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It responds to stress by increasing energy levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the enteric nervous system function?

    <p>It provides direct control over digestive activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter pathways are disrupted in schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major types of depression?

    <p>Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Formation of amyloid plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motor disorder symptom of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Muscle tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug is commonly used to alleviate symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>L-dopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with a strong genetic component?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>Integration of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormality is commonly found in patients with depression?

    <p>Low energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about drug addiction is correct?

    <p>It primarily affects dopamine pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are responsible for carrying information into the Central Nervous System?

    <p>Afferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the Peripheral Nervous System is responsible for controlling smooth muscles and glands?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell provides support and protection to neurons in both the CNS and PNS?

    <p>Glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved with specialized functions and processes information?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'functional hierarchy' refer to in the context of the vertebrate nervous system?

    <p>The levels of information processing and response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are part of which nervous system?

    <p>Peripheral Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Structure and Function

    • The nervous system is organized into a central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, where information processing occurs.
    • The PNS transmits information to and from the CNS, controlling movement and internal environment. It is composed of nerves and ganglia.
    • The PNS has two major divisions: the somatic nervous system (motor system) controlling skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controlling smooth and cardiac muscles. The autonomic system further branches into sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) divisions.
    • The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a branch of the PNS that controls the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder independently.
    • Vertebrate nervous system hierarchies show a clear structure, integrating information for complex tasks.
    • Neurons (nerve cells) communicate across synapses, strengthening connections when active together, and weakening others.
    • The brain regions have specialized functions, such as the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes with specific sensory and cognitive functions. Examples include comprehending spoken words, object recognition, or forming speech.
    • The spinal cord generates basic locomotion patterns and reflexes, independent of the brain. A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus. An example is the knee-jerk reflex.
    • The CNS develops with distinct embryonic regions, that fully develop into more complex structures in the adult brain.

    Nervous System Disorders

    • Disorders affecting the nervous system include: schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and drug addiction.
    • Schizophrenia is characterized by psychotic episodes and distorted reality perception, often with a strong genetic component. It involves disruptions in dopamine neurotransmitter pathways.
    • Depression is characterized by depressed mood and abnormalities in sleep and appetite and is linked with a disruption of monoamine (serotonin) neurotransmitter pathways. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is a drug that increases biogenic amine activity in the brain.
    • Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia, is associated with age, amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, and massive brain shrinkage, reflecting neuronal death.
    • Parkinson's disease, a motor disorder, is marked by muscle tremors, poor balance, and shuffling gait due to dopamine deficiency in the midbrain. L-dopa, a dopamine-related drug, can reduce disease symptoms.
    • Drug addiction affects the reward system in the brain. Addictive drugs like nicotine, opioids, and cocaine, stimulate dopamine release and/or inhibit dopamine removal, which becomes linked to reward circuits and compulsive drug use.

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    Related Documents

    Nervous System Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential components of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Understand the roles of various divisions such as the somatic and autonomic systems, as well as the significance of neurons and their communication. This quiz will test your knowledge on how these systems work together to control bodily functions.

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