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Questions and Answers
The basic functional units of the nervous system are individual cells called:
The basic functional units of the nervous system are individual cells called:
Supporting cells of the nervous system, called neuroglia, perform all of the following, EXCEPT:
Supporting cells of the nervous system, called neuroglia, perform all of the following, EXCEPT:
What is the term for the nervous system comprising all neurons outside the brain and spinal cord?
What is the term for the nervous system comprising all neurons outside the brain and spinal cord?
The autonomic nervous system provides regulation of each of the following, EXCEPT:
The autonomic nervous system provides regulation of each of the following, EXCEPT:
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Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the nervous system?
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Neurons are classified on the basis of structure as each of the following, EXCEPT:
Neurons are classified on the basis of structure as each of the following, EXCEPT:
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The multipolar neuron consists of all of the following, EXCEPT:
The multipolar neuron consists of all of the following, EXCEPT:
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The axons of some neurons are wrapped in an insulating sheath made of:
The axons of some neurons are wrapped in an insulating sheath made of:
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The insulating sheath is interrupted at regular intervals, exposing the neural membrane. These interruptions are called _______ of Ranvier.
The insulating sheath is interrupted at regular intervals, exposing the neural membrane. These interruptions are called _______ of Ranvier.
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Neurons use _______ to carry information from the cell body to the synaptic terminal.
Neurons use _______ to carry information from the cell body to the synaptic terminal.
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An action potential is a change in membrane potential during _______ of a neuron.
An action potential is a change in membrane potential during _______ of a neuron.
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Where in a neuron is the highest density of voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels found?
Where in a neuron is the highest density of voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels found?
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Events that make initiation of an action potential less likely are:
Events that make initiation of an action potential less likely are:
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Which of the following is a CORRECT step in the generation of an action potential?
Which of the following is a CORRECT step in the generation of an action potential?
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From the time an action potential begins until the normal resting potential has stabilized, the membrane will not respond normally to additional depolarizing stimuli, this period is known as the:
From the time an action potential begins until the normal resting potential has stabilized, the membrane will not respond normally to additional depolarizing stimuli, this period is known as the:
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In a neural action potential repolarization involves the loss of _______ ions.
In a neural action potential repolarization involves the loss of _______ ions.
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The _______ exchange pump slowly restores intracellular and extracellular ion distributions to pre-stimulation levels when the neuron is not active (i.e. at rest).
The _______ exchange pump slowly restores intracellular and extracellular ion distributions to pre-stimulation levels when the neuron is not active (i.e. at rest).
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An action potential (impulse) is relayed along the axon of a neuron in a series of steps, with action potentials in one section of the axon bringing the adjacent region to _______ and 'handing on' the impulse.
An action potential (impulse) is relayed along the axon of a neuron in a series of steps, with action potentials in one section of the axon bringing the adjacent region to _______ and 'handing on' the impulse.
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Continuous propagation is the basic mechanism by which an action potential is propagated along _______ appearing to move along the membrane in a series of tiny steps.
Continuous propagation is the basic mechanism by which an action potential is propagated along _______ appearing to move along the membrane in a series of tiny steps.
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Where action potentials 'jump' along the axon in a series of steps this is known as:
Where action potentials 'jump' along the axon in a series of steps this is known as:
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Electrical impulses are passed from neurons to neurons or other cells at a specialized junction called a:
Electrical impulses are passed from neurons to neurons or other cells at a specialized junction called a:
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Electrical synapses are rare and occur when presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together tightly by:
Electrical synapses are rare and occur when presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together tightly by:
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In a chemical synapse, communication across the synaptic cleft requires the release of a _______ from the presynaptic membrane.
In a chemical synapse, communication across the synaptic cleft requires the release of a _______ from the presynaptic membrane.
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According to the 'lock-and-key' model, the same neurotransmitter may act on:
According to the 'lock-and-key' model, the same neurotransmitter may act on:
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Substances that can bind to a receptor are called ligands. Ligands that block or reduce neurotransmitter action are called:
Substances that can bind to a receptor are called ligands. Ligands that block or reduce neurotransmitter action are called:
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Neurotransmitters that may be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the postsynaptic receptor are called _______ neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters that may be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the postsynaptic receptor are called _______ neurotransmitters.
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ACh is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction, the specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle, where it acts on the _______ acetylcholine receptor.
ACh is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction, the specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle, where it acts on the _______ acetylcholine receptor.
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Which of the following is NOT an accurate event at the cholinergic synapse?
Which of the following is NOT an accurate event at the cholinergic synapse?
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When signals from another nerve terminal at the presynaptic membrane causes a decreased release of neurotransmitter, it is called:
When signals from another nerve terminal at the presynaptic membrane causes a decreased release of neurotransmitter, it is called:
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An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a _______ caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a _______ caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane
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Individual postsynaptic potentials can combine by the process of summation, which integrates the effects of:
Individual postsynaptic potentials can combine by the process of summation, which integrates the effects of:
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The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession (i.e. from single source) is called:
The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession (i.e. from single source) is called:
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A reflex arc contains each of the following, EXCEPT:
A reflex arc contains each of the following, EXCEPT:
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The region of the brain which performs higher functions and planning and execution of voluntary motor action is called the:
The region of the brain which performs higher functions and planning and execution of voluntary motor action is called the:
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The electroencephalogram provides a clinical assessment of overall brain function, and records each of the following, EXCEPT:
The electroencephalogram provides a clinical assessment of overall brain function, and records each of the following, EXCEPT:
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The _______ is an area of the brain responsible for maintenance of homeostasis by controlling behaviours essential to survival of the individual or species via hormones and the sympathetic nervous system
The _______ is an area of the brain responsible for maintenance of homeostasis by controlling behaviours essential to survival of the individual or species via hormones and the sympathetic nervous system
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Activation of the _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system causes 'rest-and-repose' responses, associated with relative inactivity and digestion.
Activation of the _______ branch of the autonomic nervous system causes 'rest-and-repose' responses, associated with relative inactivity and digestion.
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A number of organs have ______ by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, with opposite effects.
A number of organs have ______ by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, with opposite effects.
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The principal neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, which may act on alpha and beta receptors is:
The principal neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, which may act on alpha and beta receptors is:
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The principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system is _______ acting on muscarinic receptors.
The principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system is _______ acting on muscarinic receptors.
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Study Notes
Nervous System Self-Assessment
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Basic Functional Units: The basic functional units of the nervous system are neurons.
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Supporting Cells: Neuroglia (glial cells) support and protect neurons and help regulate interstitial fluid. They do not act as lymphocytes.
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Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord is called the peripheral nervous system.
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Regulation: The ANS regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions, but not skeletal muscle.
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Basic Nervous System Functions: Sensory input, integration, and motor output are the basic functions of the nervous system.
Neuron Classification
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Neuron Structure: Neurons can be classified as multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, or anaxonic, based on their structure.
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Multipolar Neuron Components: Multipolar neurons consist of dendrites, an axon, and a synaptic terminal.
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Axon Insulation: Some axons have a myelin sheath made of myelin; these neurons are faster as myelin insulation helps propagate nerve impulse more quickly.
Nerve Impulse Propagation
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Nodes of Ranvier: The myelin sheath is interrupted at regular intervals called nodes of Ranvier.
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Continuous vs Saltatory: Continuous propagation involves an action potential moving along an unmyelinated axon, whereas saltatory propagation involves "jumping" between nodes of Ranvier on myelinated axons.
Synaptic Transmission
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Neurotransmitters: Neurons use neurotransmitters to transmit signals across synapses.
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Synaptic Transmission, Chemical Synapse: At a chemical synapse, a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic terminal, and it will bind to the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron which can be a receptor or a ligand (molecule that binds to receptors).
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Ligands: Substances that bind to a receptor, ligands can either block or reduce neurotransmission. Agonist ligands enhance activation, whereas antagonists reduce it.
Action Potentials
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Action Potential Definition: An action potential is a change in membrane potential during excitation, a critical stage in the transmission of nerve impulses.
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Action potential events: Inactivation of sodium (Na+) channels and the activation of potassium (K+) channels, return to impermeability, are key steps in generating an action potential.
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Refractory Period: The refractory period is the time after an action potential where the membrane cannot respond to additional stimuli.
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Action Potential Channels: The highest density of voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels is located in the axon hillock, the region of the axon where the action potential is initiated. The axon hillock plays a key role in action potential generation.
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Excitatory/Inhibitory Events: Events that increase the likelihood of an action potential are excitatory, and events that decrease the likelihood are inhibitory.
Neurotransmitter and Receptors
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Neurotransmitters and Receptors: The different types of receptors (e.g, muscarinic and nicotinic) can be activated by the same neurotransmitters.
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Neurotransmitters and Effects: Neurotransmitters can be excitatory, inhibitory, or both dependent on the receptor.
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Examples: Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system and the neuromuscular junction. Norepinephrine is involved in the sympathetic nervous system.
Synaptic Integration
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Summation: Integration of stimuli or actions from multiple sources (temporal summation and spatial summation) is crucial to produce an action potential.
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Excitatory/Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP/IPSP): Integration of EPSPs and IPSPs determines the summation which decides whether an action potential will fire.
CNS Structures
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Brain Region Functions: The cortex is responsible for higher-order brain functions, while the brainstem and cerebellum are involved in motor control and other functions.
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Reflex Arc: A reflex arc is a nerve pathway involved in reflex actions.
Brain Wave Recording
- Electroencephalogram (EEG): EEG records electrical activity in the brain with alpha waves one of the results.
Autonomic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Branch and Role: The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is involved in rest and digestion, a crucial process for the body's maintenance.
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Effects: Some organs receive input from both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. These functions may be antagonistic.
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Neurotransmitters, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic: E.g., Norepinephrine is associated with the sympathetic nervous system, whereas acetylcholine (ACh). is associated with the parasympathetic system is involved in both.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the nervous system's structure and functions, including neuron classification and the roles of supporting cells. This quiz will challenge your understanding of both central and peripheral nervous system components. Dive into the intricacies of neuron types and their functions.
