Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which muscles are affected by injury to the spinal accessory nerve?

  • Levator scapulae and rhomboids
  • Scalenes and platysma
  • Sternohyoid and omohyoid
  • Trapezius and sternomastoid (correct)

    • In the event of hypoglossal nerve injury, what is the expected deviation of the tongue upon protrusion?

  • No deviation will occur, but speech will be impaired.
  • The tongue will curl upwards, limiting protrusion.
  • The tongue points to the affected side due to muscle weakness. (correct)
  • The tongue deviates to the side opposite the nerve injury.

    • How many pairs of spinal nerves are located in the thoracic region of the spinal cord?

  • 8
  • 31
  • 5
  • 12 (correct)

    • Which component is exclusively associated with the dorsal root of a typical spinal nerve?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglion containing pseudounipolar cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the anterior and posterior primary rami of a spinal nerve?

    <p>The anterior primary ramus is larger and may form nerve plexuses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting auditory information from the inner ear to the brain?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) can lead to which of the following conditions?

    <p>Tinnitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) contains sensory fibers from which of the following regions?

    <p>Posterior one-third of the tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste sensations are primarily detected by the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)?

    <p>Bitter and sour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vagus nerve (X) plays a crucial role in regulating which bodily function?

    <p>Adjusting blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Irritation of the vagus nerve can cause?

    <p>Bradycardia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The motor part of the facial nerve (VII) supplies

    <p>All muscles of expression (face) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves contains autonomic fibers to the parotid salivary gland?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the trochlear nerve?

    <p>Controls the superior oblique muscle, enabling downward and lateral eye movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the optic nerve that distinguishes it from the olfactory nerve regarding regeneration?

    <p>The olfactory nerve can regenerate after injury, whereas the optic nerve typically cannot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting the sense of smell?

    <p>Olfactory Nerve (I) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the abducens nerve (VI) would most likely result in which of the following conditions?

    <p>Inability to move the eye laterally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the trigeminal nerve (V)?

    <p>A mixed nerve responsible for facial sensation and muscles of mastication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fluid is found within the ventricles of the brain, sub-arachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord?

    <p>Cerebro-spinal fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve does NOT originate from the brainstem?

    <p>Olfactory Nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical implication of irritation of the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>Trigeminal Neuralgia (severe pain in the area of distribution of the nerve) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    Flashcards

    Spinal Cord Blood Supply

    The spinal cord is supplied by spinal and radicular arteries, and drained by vertebral plexuses of veins.

    Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF)

    Clear fluid in the CNS cavities, including brain ventricles, sub-arachnoid space, and spinal cord central canal.

    Cranial Nerves

    12 pairs of nerves connected to the brain, mostly from the brainstem; olfactory and optic nerves are exceptions.

    Olfactory Nerve

    The first cranial nerve (I); a pure sensory nerve for smell, capable of regeneration after injury.

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    Optic Nerve

    The second cranial nerve (II); a pure sensory nerve for vision that does not regenerate after injury.

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    Occulomotor Nerve

    The third cranial nerve (III); motor nerve for eye muscles excluding superior oblique and lateral rectus.

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    Trochlear Nerve

    The fourth cranial nerve (IV); motor nerve for the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

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    Trigeminal Nerve

    The fifth cranial nerve; a mixed nerve providing sensation to the face and supplying muscles of mastication.

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    Accessory Nerve

    A pure motor nerve supplying trapezius and sternomastoid muscles.

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    Hypoglossal Nerve

    The motor nerve of the tongue; injury causes tongue deviation to affected side.

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    Spinal Nerve Quantity

    There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.

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    Spinal Nerve Roots

    Each spinal nerve (except C1 and coccygeal) arises from ventral and dorsal roots.

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    Rami Communications

    Nerve trunk divides into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) rami, with connections to sympathetic ganglia.

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    Facial Nerve

    Cranial nerve VII; a mixed nerve for taste and facial expression.

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    Vestibulo-cochlear Nerve

    Cranial nerve VIII; transmits sound and balance information from the inner ear.

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    Glossopharyngeal Nerve

    Cranial nerve IX; mixed nerve with taste, sensory, and motor functions for swallowing.

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    Vagus Nerve

    Cranial nerve X; a mixed nerve influencing heart rate and GI functions.

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    Facial Palsy

    Condition resulting from injury to the facial nerve, leading to facial paralysis.

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    Nystagmus

    Involuntary eye movement often associated with vestibulo-cochlear nerve damage.

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    Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia

    Severe pain caused by irritation of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

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    Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors

    Sensory receptors in carotid and aortic bodies adjusting blood pressure and pH.

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    Study Notes

    Blood Supply of Spinal Cord

    • Spinal cord is supplied by spinal and radicular arteries
    • Venous blood is drained by vertebral plexuses of veins

    Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF)

    • Clear fluid found in cavities of the CNS
    • Found in ventricles of brain, subarachnoid space, and central canal of spinal cord

    Peripheral Nervous System

    Cranial Nerves

    • 12 pairs (I to XII) connected to the brain
    • All arise from brain stem except olfactory (nose) and optic (retina) nerves
    Olfactory Nerve (I)
    • Pure sensory nerve
    • Carries smell information
    • May regenerate after injury
    • Loss of smell results from injury
    Optic Nerve (II)
    • Pure sensory nerve
    • Carries vision information from retina to brain
    • Never regenerates after injury
    • Considered part of the brain
    • Injury causes blindness
    • Mirrors the brain's condition
    Occulomotor Nerve (III)
    • Motor nerve
    • Supplies all eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus
    • Injury causes ophthalmoplegia (eye paralysis)
    • Contains autonomic fibers
    Trochlear Nerve (IV)
    • Motor nerve
    • Supplies superior oblique eye muscle
    • Moves eye downwards and laterally
    • Injury causes vertical squint or double vision
    Trigeminal Nerve (V)
    • Mixed nerve
    • Sensory part receives facial sensation and anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation
    • Supplies muscles of mastication (chewing)
    • Contains autonomic fibers to salivary glands and lacrimal gland
    • Three branches (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular)
    • Irritation causes trigeminal neuralgia (severe pain)

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to the blood supply of the spinal cord, cerebro-spinal fluid, and cranial nerves. Test your knowledge on the functions and injuries related to the olfactory, optic, and oculomotor nerves. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.

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