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Questions and Answers
What occurs when ATP binds to myosin?
What occurs when ATP binds to myosin?
- Myosin performs the power stroke.
- Myosin enters a low energy state.
- Myosin detaches from actin. (correct)
- Myosin forms a strong bond with actin.
In which state does myosin form a strong bond with actin during the cross-bridge cycle?
In which state does myosin form a strong bond with actin during the cross-bridge cycle?
- Low energy state (correct)
- Rigor state
- E state
- High energy state
What is released when myosin loses the phosphate group (Pi)?
What is released when myosin loses the phosphate group (Pi)?
- ATP
- Energy (correct)
- Ca2+
- ADP
What happens to myosin after ATP is hydrolyzed?
What happens to myosin after ATP is hydrolyzed?
What role does Ca2+ play in the cross-bridge cycling process?
What role does Ca2+ play in the cross-bridge cycling process?
What is the main role of calcium in muscle contraction?
What is the main role of calcium in muscle contraction?
What distinguishes somatic motor pathways from autonomic pathways?
What distinguishes somatic motor pathways from autonomic pathways?
Which receptor type is primarily involved in parasympathetic pathways?
Which receptor type is primarily involved in parasympathetic pathways?
How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the nervous system primarily affect the same organ?
How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the nervous system primarily affect the same organ?
What component is NOT typically found in the structure of skeletal muscle?
What component is NOT typically found in the structure of skeletal muscle?
Which of the following describes the resting state of a muscle's contraction cycle?
Which of the following describes the resting state of a muscle's contraction cycle?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the autonomic nervous system?
What type of muscle is characterized as uninucleated and autonomic?
What type of muscle is characterized as uninucleated and autonomic?
Which of the following is NOT part of the skeletal muscle organization?
Which of the following is NOT part of the skeletal muscle organization?
Which describes the role of a motor end plate in muscle contraction?
Which describes the role of a motor end plate in muscle contraction?
What occurs during excitation-contraction coupling?
What occurs during excitation-contraction coupling?
Which muscle type is considered the fastest in response?
Which muscle type is considered the fastest in response?
What is expected to happen to a skeletal muscle during relaxation?
What is expected to happen to a skeletal muscle during relaxation?
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Study Notes
Spinal Cord Anatomy
- Ganglia are located outside the central nervous system (CNS), while nuclei are located inside the CNS.
- Dorsal Root Ganglion: Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons.
- Dorsal Horn: Receives sensory information.
- Lateral Horn: Contains autonomic efferent nuclei.
- Ventral Horn: Contains somatic motor nuclei.
- Ventral Root: Contains axons of motor neurons.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for regulating involuntary functions.
- Somatic Motor Pathway: Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement.
- Parasympathetic Pathway: "Rest and digest" functions.
- Sympathetic Pathway: "Fight or flight" functions.
- Adrenal Sympathetic Pathway: Releases hormones into the bloodstream.
- Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) are used in the ANS.
- Receptors: Nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, alpha, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
Reflex Responses
- Reflex Response: Automatic response to stimuli without conscious thought.
- Homeostatic Response: Involves feedback mechanisms to maintain a stable internal environment.
- Sensory input: Stimuli received by sensory receptors.
- Integration: Processing of sensory input in the CNS.
- Response: Motor output to muscles and glands.
Thermoregulation
- Hypothalamus: Plays a critical role in regulating body temperature.
- Skeletal Muscle: Shivering generates heat.
- Smooth Muscle: Contraction of blood vessels helps regulate blood flow and heat loss.
- Adrenergic Receptors: Respond to norepinephrine released by sympathetic neurons.
Skeletal Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movement.
- Cardiac Muscle: Found in the heart and responsible for heart contractions.
- Smooth Muscle: Found in internal organs and vessels, controls involuntary movements.
- Sarcomeres: Contractile units of skeletal and cardiac muscle.
- Neuromuscular Junction: Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
- Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Conversion of an electrical signal into a calcium signal.
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR): Stores calcium ions for muscle contraction.
- T-Tubules: Invaginations of the sarcolemma that carry electrical signals to the SR.
- Actin and Myosin: Proteins involved in muscle contraction.
Muscle Contraction
- Calcium: Essential for muscle contraction.
- ATP: Required for muscle contraction and relaxation.
- Cross-bridge Formation: Myosin heads bind to actin filaments.
- Muscle Relaxation: Calcium is removed from the cytosol.
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