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Questions and Answers
The response of the pupils of the eyes to light is a reflex of this type known as ______.
The response of the pupils of the eyes to light is a reflex of this type known as ______.
reflex
The adult brain weighs a little over ______ pounds.
The adult brain weighs a little over ______ pounds.
3
The largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the body is the ______.
The largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the body is the ______.
brain
The surface of the cerebrum exhibits elevated ridges called ______.
The surface of the cerebrum exhibits elevated ridges called ______.
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The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the ______ fissure.
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the ______ fissure.
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The nervous system is the master control and communication system of the body, reflecting every thought, action, and ______.
The nervous system is the master control and communication system of the body, reflecting every thought, action, and ______.
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Beneath the cerebral hemispheres lies the ______ and the brain stem.
Beneath the cerebral hemispheres lies the ______ and the brain stem.
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Less numerous than gyri are the deeper grooves called ______.
Less numerous than gyri are the deeper grooves called ______.
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The nervous system communicates with body cells using ______ impulses.
The nervous system communicates with body cells using ______ impulses.
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The endocrine system produces ______ that are released into the blood.
The endocrine system produces ______ that are released into the blood.
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Reflex testing is an important tool for evaluating the condition of the ______ system.
Reflex testing is an important tool for evaluating the condition of the ______ system.
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The nervous system uses sensory receptors to monitor changes called ______.
The nervous system uses sensory receptors to monitor changes called ______.
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The process of interpreting sensory input is known as ______.
The process of interpreting sensory input is known as ______.
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The central nervous system consists of the brain and ______.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and ______.
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The peripheral nervous system includes all parts of the nervous system ______ the CNS.
The peripheral nervous system includes all parts of the nervous system ______ the CNS.
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Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal ______.
Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal ______.
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The cerebellum is responsible for controlling our ______.
The cerebellum is responsible for controlling our ______.
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The outer cortex of the cerebellum is made up of ______ matter.
The outer cortex of the cerebellum is made up of ______ matter.
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When the cerebellum is sedated by alcohol, its ability to maintain coordination becomes ______.
When the cerebellum is sedated by alcohol, its ability to maintain coordination becomes ______.
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A blow to the head can cause damage to the cerebellum, resulting in a condition called ______.
A blow to the head can cause damage to the cerebellum, resulting in a condition called ______.
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The meninges are the three connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the ______ structures.
The meninges are the three connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the ______ structures.
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The outermost layer of the meninges is known as the dura ______.
The outermost layer of the meninges is known as the dura ______.
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Cerebrospinal fluid serves to protect the brain and spinal cord by acting as a ______.
Cerebrospinal fluid serves to protect the brain and spinal cord by acting as a ______.
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The brain is protected from harmful substances by the ______-brain barrier.
The brain is protected from harmful substances by the ______-brain barrier.
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The major positive ions inside the cell are ______, whereas the major positive ions outside the cell are sodium (Na+).
The major positive ions inside the cell are ______, whereas the major positive ions outside the cell are sodium (Na+).
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When the inside remains more negative than the outside, the neuron will stay ______.
When the inside remains more negative than the outside, the neuron will stay ______.
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Many different types of stimuli, such as light or sound, can excite neurons to generate an ______.
Many different types of stimuli, such as light or sound, can excite neurons to generate an ______.
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Sodium ions cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane until the neuron is ______ stimulated.
Sodium ions cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane until the neuron is ______ stimulated.
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The inward rush of sodium ions changes the polarity of the neuron’s membrane, resulting in ______.
The inward rush of sodium ions changes the polarity of the neuron’s membrane, resulting in ______.
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The nerve impulse is an all-or-none response; it is either propagated over the entire ______ or it doesn’t happen at all.
The nerve impulse is an all-or-none response; it is either propagated over the entire ______ or it doesn’t happen at all.
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After sodium ions rush into the neuron, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions but permeable to ______ ions.
After sodium ions rush into the neuron, the membrane becomes impermeable to sodium ions but permeable to ______ ions.
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The outflow of positive ions restores the electrical conditions at the membrane to the polarized, or resting state, in an event called ______.
The outflow of positive ions restores the electrical conditions at the membrane to the polarized, or resting state, in an event called ______.
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Each cerebral hemisphere has three basic regions: a superficial cortex of ______ matter, an internal area of white matter, and the basal nuclei.
Each cerebral hemisphere has three basic regions: a superficial cortex of ______ matter, an internal area of white matter, and the basal nuclei.
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Functions of the cerebral cortex include speech, memory, logical and emotional responses, ______, and voluntary movement.
Functions of the cerebral cortex include speech, memory, logical and emotional responses, ______, and voluntary movement.
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The primary somatic sensory area is located in the ______ lobe posterior to the central sulcus.
The primary somatic sensory area is located in the ______ lobe posterior to the central sulcus.
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Impulses traveling from the body’s sensory receptors are localized and interpreted in this area of the brain called the primary somatic ______ area.
Impulses traveling from the body’s sensory receptors are localized and interpreted in this area of the brain called the primary somatic ______ area.
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A spatial map called the sensory ______ has been developed to show how much tissue is devoted to various sensory functions.
A spatial map called the sensory ______ has been developed to show how much tissue is devoted to various sensory functions.
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Body regions with the most sensory receptors, such as the ______ and fingertips, send impulses to a larger part of the sensory area.
Body regions with the most sensory receptors, such as the ______ and fingertips, send impulses to a larger part of the sensory area.
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The sensory pathways are ______ pathways, meaning that the left side of the sensory area receives impulses from the right side of the body.
The sensory pathways are ______ pathways, meaning that the left side of the sensory area receives impulses from the right side of the body.
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The primary somatic sensory area allows you to recognize ______, differences in temperature, or a light touch.
The primary somatic sensory area allows you to recognize ______, differences in temperature, or a light touch.
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The parasympathetic division is often referred to as the '______' system of the body.
The parasympathetic division is often referred to as the '______' system of the body.
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The key functions of the parasympathetic division can be remembered by the letter '______'.
The key functions of the parasympathetic division can be remembered by the letter '______'.
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The sympathetic division is associated with '______', excitement, emergency, and embarrassment.
The sympathetic division is associated with '______', excitement, emergency, and embarrassment.
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Maternal infection early in pregnancy can have harmful effects on the '______' system.
Maternal infection early in pregnancy can have harmful effects on the '______' system.
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Cerebral palsy is a neuromuscular disability resulting from damage to the '______'.
Cerebral palsy is a neuromuscular disability resulting from damage to the '______'.
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Cerebral palsy is the largest single cause of physical disabilities in '______'.
Cerebral palsy is the largest single cause of physical disabilities in '______'.
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The '______' rate of nervous tissue in the body is the highest.
The '______' rate of nervous tissue in the body is the highest.
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A significant cause of potential brain damage in infants can arise from a '______' mother.
A significant cause of potential brain damage in infants can arise from a '______' mother.
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Study Notes
Nervous System
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The nervous system is the master control and communication system of the body, responsible for thoughts, actions, and emotions.
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It communicates with body cells using electrical impulses which are rapid and specific.
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The nervous system works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis. While the nervous system uses electrical nerve impulses, the endocrine system uses hormones released into the blood.
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The nervous system has three main overlapping functions:
- Sensory input: Monitoring internal and external changes using millions of sensory receptors.
- Integration: Processing and interpreting sensory input.
- Motor output: Activating effectors (muscles or glands) to cause a response.
Organization of the Nervous System
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Structural Classification:
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Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord; integrating and command centers.
- Interprets sensory information and issues instructions.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nervous system components outside the CNS.
- Cranial nerves carry impulses to/from the brain.
- Spinal nerves carry impulses to/from the spinal cord.
- Communication lines.
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Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord; integrating and command centers.
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Functional Classification:
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Sensory (Afferent) division: Carries impulses TO the CNS from sensory receptors.
- Somatic sensory fibers: Impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
- Visceral sensory fibers: Impulses from visceral organs.
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Motor (Efferent) division: Carries impulses FROM the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands).
- Somatic nervous system: Voluntary control of skeletal muscles (also involuntary reflexes in skeletal muscles).
- Autonomic nervous system: Involuntary control of cardiac and smooth muscle, glands.
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Sensory (Afferent) division: Carries impulses TO the CNS from sensory receptors.
Nerve Tissue
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Composed of supporting cells (neuroglia or glia) and neurons.
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Supporting cells (neuroglia/glia):
- Astrocytes: Abundant, star-shaped cells support and anchor neurons.
- Microglia: Spiderlike phagocytes monitor health and dispose of debris.
- Ependymal cells: Line central cavities of brain and spinal cord; circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
- Oligodendrocytes: Wrap nerve fibers in myelin sheaths in the CNS.
- Satellite cells: Protect neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
- Schwann cells: Surround fibers in the PNS; form myelin sheath
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Neurons: Highly specialized cells transmit nerve impulses (action potentials).
- Cell body (soma): Contains nucleus and metabolic center of the neuron.
- Processes:
- Dendrites: Transmit signals toward the cell body.
- Axons: Conduct signals away from the cell body.
Processes
- Neurons have varying length, from microscopic to 7 feet.
- Dendrites are receptive regions receiving incoming messages (electrical signals) toward the cell body.
- Axons are conducting regions carrying nerve impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons or effectors.
- The end of an axon branches profusely forming hundreds of axon terminals. Axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.
- Synapse: Functional junction between axon terminals and another neuron or effector cell.
Homeostatic Imbalance: Myelin Sheaths
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): Gradual destruction of the myelin sheath.
- Electrical current is short-circuited and signals don't reach the target.
- Results in visual, speech, and motor control problems.
- Caused by the body's immune system attacking proteins of the sheath.
Functional Classification of Neurons
- Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to the CNS.
- Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands).
- Interneurons (association neurons) complete the communication pathway between sensory and motor neurons.
Physiology: Nerve Impulses
- Irritability: The ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an electrical impulse.
- Conductivity: The ability to transmit the impulse along the nerve fibers.
Physiology: Reflexes
- Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli.
- Include somatic reflexes (skeletal muscles involuntary responses).
- Include autonomic reflexes (smooth and cardiac muscle, glands).
- Have 5 essential components: Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector (target organ).
Central Nervous System Anatomy
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Cerebral Hemispheres (cerebrum):
- Largest and most superior region of the brain; divided into lobes.
- Processes logical and emotional responses, sensations.
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Diencephalon: Contains thalamus and hypothalamus.
- Thalamus: Relay center for sensory impulses.
- Hypothalamus: Regulates body temperature, water balance, etc.
- Brain Stem: Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
- Cerebellum: Posterior to the pons and medulla.
Protection of the Central Nervous System
- Meninges: Protective membranes: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Watery "broth" with components similar to blood plasma; cushions the nervous tissue.
- Blood-brain barrier: Special filtration system that isolates neurons from harmful substances in the blood.
Peripheral Nervous System Structure
- Nerves: Bundles of neuron fibers outside the CNS.
- Cranial nerves: Serve the head and neck.
- Spinal nerves: Named for the region of the spinal cord they originate from.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Regulates involuntary functions (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands).
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Parasympathetic Division: "Rest-and-digest".
- Promotes digestion, elimination, and conserving energy.
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Sympathetic Division: "Fight-or-flight".
- Activates body during extreme situations (exercise, fear, injury).
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Parasympathetic Division: "Rest-and-digest".
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Description
Explore the intricate functions and organization of the nervous system. This quiz covers sensory input, integration, and motor output, along with the structural classification of the Central Nervous System. Test your knowledge on how the nervous system maintains homeostasis in conjunction with the endocrine system.
