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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Which of the following are components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Neurons can divide and regenerate due to the presence of centrioles.
Neurons can divide and regenerate due to the presence of centrioles.
False
What are the main functions of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What are the main functions of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Maintain the blood-brain barrier, repair damaged neural tissue, provide a 3D framework, guide neuron development, and provide myelin sheath.
The difference in ionic composition between extracellular fluid (ECF) and ___________ creates the membrane resting potential.
The difference in ionic composition between extracellular fluid (ECF) and ___________ creates the membrane resting potential.
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Which component of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals?
Which component of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals?
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Action potentials are generated in the dendrites and soma of a neuron.
Action potentials are generated in the dendrites and soma of a neuron.
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Match the following components of the neuron with their functions:
Match the following components of the neuron with their functions:
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What role does the sodium-potassium pump play in maintaining the membrane potential?
What role does the sodium-potassium pump play in maintaining the membrane potential?
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Which division of the nervous system is responsible for outputs to skeletal muscles?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for outputs to skeletal muscles?
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Neurons can divide and regenerate due to the presence of centrioles.
Neurons can divide and regenerate due to the presence of centrioles.
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What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
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The ________ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The ________ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
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Match the following neuroglia functions with their corresponding type:
Match the following neuroglia functions with their corresponding type:
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What type of potential is generated in response to stimulation at the dendrites and soma of a neuron?
What type of potential is generated in response to stimulation at the dendrites and soma of a neuron?
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Neuroglia function primarily to transmit electrical impulses.
Neuroglia function primarily to transmit electrical impulses.
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What is the role of passive ion channels in neurons?
What is the role of passive ion channels in neurons?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS is split into the afferent division, which receives inputs, and the efferent division, which sends outputs.
- The efferent division is divided into the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system.
Neurons
- Neurons are specialized cells responsible for communication within the nervous system.
- They are long-lived and have a high metabolic rate.
- Neurons cannot divide due to the absence of centrioles.
- Neurons are comprised of a cell body, dendrites, axons, telodendria, and axon terminals.
Neuroglia
- Neuroglia are another type of neural tissue responsible for supporting and protecting neurons.
- Neuroglia have different structures and names depending on their location in the CNS or PNS.
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CNS Neuroglia:
- Maintain the blood-brain barrier.
- Repair damaged neural tissue.
- Provide a 3D framework for neuron development.
- Guide neuron development.
- Provide a myelin sheath (insulation).
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PNS Neuroglia:
- Myelin sheath formation.
- Regulation of neuron environment.
Membrane Resting Potential
- The membrane resting potential arises from the difference in ionic composition between the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the cytosol.
- This difference is maintained by the active process of the sodium-potassium pump.
- The membrane permeability to different ions contributes to the potential.
- Passive ion channels allow for the movement of ions, contributing to the membrane resting potential.
Altering the Membrane Potential
- In dendrites and the soma of neurons, activation leads to changes in the membrane potential.
- These changes result in local or graded potentials.
Graded Potential
- Graded potentials are localized changes in membrane potential.
- Their strength varies depending on the strength of the stimulus.
The Excitation Potential
- In areas beyond the axon, excitation potentials are generated.
- The excitation potential is a rapid depolarization of the membrane, resulting in an action potential.
- This triggers a cascade of events leading to communication within the nervous system.
Nervous System Overview
- The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of afferent division (inputs) for sensory information, and efferent division (outputs) that are further divided into the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems, along with the enteric nervous system which controls the functions of the gut.
Neurons
- Neurons are specialized cells, with a long lifespan, high metabolic rate, and inability to divide as they lack centrioles.
- They have a cell body, dendrites, axons, telodendria, and axon terminals.
Neuroglia
- Neuroglia are the other cell type in neural tissue, they separate and protect neurons, and have differing structures and names depending on whether they are in the CNS or PNS.
- In the CNS, Neuroglia: maintain the blood brain barrier, repair damaged neural tissue, provide a 3D framework, guide neuron development, and provide myelin sheaths for insulation.
- In the PNS, Neuroglia: form myelin sheaths, and regulate the environment.
Membrane Resting Potential
- The difference in ionic composition between the extracellular fluid (ECF) versus cytosol and the active process of the Na+/K+ pump contribute to the membrane potential
- The membrane's differing permeability to ions and the maintenance of this membrane creates the potential.
- Passive ion channels allow the movement of ions.
Altering the Membrane Potential
- Activation of the neuron's dendrites and soma leads to changes in the membrane, resulting in local or graded potentials.
Graded Potential
- These graded potentials lose strength over distance.
Membrane States
- The neuron's membrane can be in a resting state, polarized, and depolarized (excited).
- Depolarization is a shift towards a more positive membrane potential and is the result of excitatory stimuli.
- Hyperpolarization is a shift towards a more negative membrane potential, and is the result of inhibitory stimuli.
The Excitation Potential
- The excitation potential occurs in areas of the neuron beyond the axon.
- This potential is generated at the axon hillock and propagates down the axon, resulting in release of neurotransmitters at the synapses.
- These neurotransmitters can be excitatory, leading to depolarization and action potential propagation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of action potentials.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the nervous system, including the central and peripheral components. Explore the roles of neurons and neuroglia in neural communication and support. This quiz will cover key definitions and functions relevant to the nervous system.
