Neuroscience and Behaviour
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Regulates voluntary muscle movements
  • Controls speech and language skills
  • Processes sensory information
  • Manages involuntary body functions (correct)

Which division of the peripheral nervous system prepares the body for stressful situations?

  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Sympathetic Nervous System (correct)
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
  • Enteric Nervous System

What are the main components of a neuron?

  • Neurotransmitters, Glial Cells, Dendrites
  • Soma, Dendrites, Axon (correct)
  • Axon, Dendrites, Synaptic Vesicles
  • Axon Terminals, Soma, Myelin Sheath

How many neurons are estimated to be present in the human nervous system?

<p>Approximately 67-86 billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the enteric nervous system primarily regulate?

<p>Digestion and gut health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are axon terminals responsible for in the nervous system?

<p>Releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Promotes relaxation and digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do glial cells play in the nervous system?

<p>Maintain homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the synaptic cleft?

<p>To facilitate the release and binding of neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is characterized by having a single extension that branches into two functions?

<p>Unipolar Neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the action potential do sodium ions enter the neuron and depolarization occurs?

<p>Depolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the absolute refractory period?

<p>No new action potentials can occur regardless of stimulus strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle control and cognitive functions?

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as an unconventional neurotransmitter?

<p>Anandamide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) have on the likelihood of firing action potentials?

<p>Increases the likelihood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurotransmitter includes dopamine and serotonin?

<p>Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation and is a target for many antidepressant medications?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in the limbic system?

<p>Fear and pleasure responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information primarily managed?

<p>Temporal Lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does neural plasticity refer to?

<p>The capacity of the brain to form new neural connections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain imaging technique measures electrical activity and is useful for diagnosing sleep disorders?

<p>Electroencephalography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the hypothalamus serve within the limbic system?

<p>Controlling body temperature and hunger (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lobes is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

<p>Occipital Lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain imaging technique allows researchers to see brain activity in real time by detecting blood flow changes?

<p>Functional MRI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the depolarization stage of an action potential?

<p>Sodium ions enter the neuron. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a unipolar neuron?

<p>It has a single extension that branches into two functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the modulation of pain and stress responses?

<p>Anandamide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the relative refractory period?

<p>A stronger-than-normal stimulus is necessary to elicit a response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

<p>It promotes the generation of action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of a neuron typically around?

<p>-70 mV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role does dopamine primarily serve?

<p>Plays a significant role in reward pathways and motor control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a small-molecule neurotransmitter?

<p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the somatic nervous system?

<p>Manages voluntary muscle movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the sympathetic nervous system response?

<p>Stressful or emergency situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for integrating synaptic signals?

<p>Soma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a neuron is involved in transmitting information away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of synaptic vesicles?

<p>Contain neurotransmitters for neuron communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of serotonin in the body?

<p>Affecting mood, sleep, and appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is often referred to as the 'second brain' and regulates gastrointestinal function?

<p>Enteric Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does myelination of axons do for signal transmission?

<p>Increases the speed of electrical impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the limbic system is essential for forming new memories?

<p>Hippocampus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing sensory information related to touch and pain?

<p>Parietal Lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does neuroplasticity allow the brain to do after an injury?

<p>Reorganize and take over lost functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain imaging technique is primarily used to visualize metabolic processes and brain activity?

<p>Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the frontal lobe?

<p>Reasoning and problem-solving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the function of the amygdala in the limbic system?

<p>Central to fear and pleasure responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the enteric nervous system?

<p>To manage the gastrointestinal system and digestion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a neuron is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does myelination affect axon signal transmission?

<p>It enhances signal transmission speed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for involuntary body functions?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are synaptic vesicles responsible for?

<p>Releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is directly responsible for the fight-or-flight response?

<p>Sympathetic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The soma of a neuron plays which critical role?

<p>Integrating synaptic signals and containing the nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does the peripheral nervous system serve?

<p>Connecting the central nervous system to limbs and organs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of multipolar neurons?

<p>They possess many dendrites, facilitating complex communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of action potential is characterized by the exit of potassium ions from the neuron?

<p>Repolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neurotransmitters primarily influence postsynaptic neurons?

<p>By altering the membrane potential to elicit excitatory or inhibitory signals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes absolute refractory periods from relative refractory periods?

<p>No new action potentials can occur regardless of stimulus strength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the modulation of pain and stress responses?

<p>Endorphins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

<p>-70 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is categorized as a small-molecule neurotransmitter?

<p>GABA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons are primarily associated with sensory functions, such as those in the retina?

<p>Bipolar Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus within the limbic system?

<p>Essential for forming new memories and learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for higher cognitive processes?

<p>Frontal Lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with norepinephrine?

<p>Facilitating memory formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the connection point between the nervous and endocrine systems?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of neuroplasticity?

<p>Reorganization of neural connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain imaging technique primarily provides detailed structural images of brain tissues?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter affects mood and is known to be a target for antidepressant medications?

<p>Serotonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily involved in processing visual information?

<p>Occipital Lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The nerves connecting the central nervous system to the body's limbs and organs.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion. Maintains homeostasis.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares the body for stress/emergency (fight-or-flight).

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Counteracts the sympathetic system, calms the body during relaxing periods.

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Synaptic Cleft

The gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released and received.

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Enteric Nervous System

Controls the gastrointestinal system (digestion, gut health).

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Action Potential Stages

Sequence of events that generate a neural impulse, including resting, depolarization, repolarization, and refractory periods.

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Soma (Cell Body)

Part of a neuron; contains the nucleus and integrates signals.

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Resting Potential

The neuron's stable electrical charge (-70 mV) when not sending a signal.

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Depolarization

The inside of the neuron becomes more positive during an action potential due to sodium ion influx.

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Dendrites

Receive signals/information from other neurons.

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Axon

Transmits electrical impulses away from the neuron.

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Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft.

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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A positive voltage change that makes a neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

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Glutamate

An excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

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Acetylcholine (ACh)

Neurotransmitter crucial for muscle action and cognitive functions.

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Serotonin function

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter linked to mood, sleep, and appetite.

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Norepinephrine role

Norepinephrine affects mood, alertness, and stress responses, also acting as a hormone.

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Limbic System

The limbic system controls emotions, memory, and bodily functions; it links nervous and endocrine systems.

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Hippocampus function

The hippocampus creates new memories and stores learned information.

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Amygdala function

The amygdala deals with emotions like fear and pleasure, and creates emotional memories.

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Cerebral Cortex Lobes

The cerebral cortex has different lobes for different jobs like thinking, senses, hearing, and vision.

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Neural Plasticity

The brain's ability to change and make new connections.

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EEG function

Measures brain electrical activity, used to diagnose sleep problems and seizures.

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What are the main parts of the nervous system?

The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all the nerves that extend throughout the body connecting the CNS to the limbs and organs.

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What is the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for?

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, ensuring our internal environment stays stable.

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What is the role of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

The Sympathetic Nervous System prepares your body for stressful or emergency situations, activating the 'fight-or-flight' response. This includes increasing heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and dilating pupils.

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What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?

The Parasympathetic Nervous System contrasts the Sympathetic System by promoting relaxation, digestion, and energy conservation, bringing your body back to a 'rest-and-digest' state.

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What is special about the Enteric Nervous System?

The Enteric Nervous System is often called the 'second brain' because it controls the gastrointestinal system, regulating digestion and gut health independently.

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What are Neurons?

Neurons are the fundamental building blocks of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body using electrical and chemical signals.

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What is the function of the Axon?

The Axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

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What are Synaptic Vesicles?

Synaptic Vesicles are tiny sacs located at the axon terminal of a neuron. They contain neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse to other neurons.

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Unipolar Neuron

A simple neuron type found in invertebrates with a single extension branching into input and output functions.

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Bipolar Neuron

A specialized type of neuron found in sensory systems like the retina, with one axon and one dendrite.

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Multipolar Neuron

The most common neuron type in the brain and spinal cord, characterized by multiple dendrites for complex communication.

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What is the Hypothalamus responsible for?

The hypothalamus regulates critical bodily functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms. It serves as a bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems.

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What is the role of the Amygdala?

The amygdala is crucial for processing emotions like fear and pleasure, and it plays a role in forming emotional memories.

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What does the Temporal Lobe do?

The temporal lobe processes auditory information and plays a role in memory formation.

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What is the Frontal Lobe responsible for?

The frontal lobe is involved in higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, planning, and voluntary movement control.

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What is the function of the Hippocampus?

The hippocampus is essential for forming new memories and learning information.

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What is the Parietal Lobe involved in?

The parietal lobe processes sensory information, including touch, temperature, and pain. It is also important for spatial awareness.

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What is the main function of the Occipital Lobe?

The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for processing visual information and interpreting visual stimuli.

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Serotonin's Role

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, sleep, and appetite. It's a target for many antidepressant medications.

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Norepinephrine Function

Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter and hormone that affects mood, arousal, and stress responses. It prepares the body for action.

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The Limbic System's Role

The limbic system is a group of brain structures responsible for emotional responses, memory formation, and regulating basic bodily functions.

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Hippocampus: Memory Maker

The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system essential for forming new memories and learning information.

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Amygdala: Emotional Hub

The amygdala is central to fear and pleasure responses, and it plays a crucial role in creating emotional memories.

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What does the Hypothalamus regulate?

The hypothalamus is located in the limbic system and is responsible for regulating essential bodily functions like temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms.

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What is Neural Plasticity?

Neural plasticity is the brain's remarkable ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.

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Brain Imaging Techniques: A Summary

Several techniques are used to visualize brain structure and function, including EEG (electrical activity), MRI (structural images), PET (metabolic processes), and fMRI (real-time brain activity).

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What is the PNS?

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of nerves that branch out from the central nervous system (CNS) to connect the brain and spinal cord to every part of your body, like your limbs and organs.

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What is the ANS?

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the PNS that controls involuntary bodily functions, like heart rate, digestion, and breathing. It keeps your internal environment stable.

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What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do?

The Sympathetic Nervous System prepares your body for action in stressful or emergency situations, like a 'fight-or-flight' response. It increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and dilates pupils.

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What is the role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

The Parasympathetic Nervous System counters the Sympathetic Nervous System, bringing your body back to a relaxed 'rest-and-digest' state. It slows heart rate, promotes digestion, and constricts pupils.

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What is the 'second brain'?

The Enteric Nervous System is often called the 'second brain' because it controls the gastrointestinal system, regulating digestion and gut health independently.

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What is a neuron?

Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. They are nerve cells that communicate with each other to transmit information throughout your body using electrical and chemical signals.

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What is the Soma?

The Soma is the cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus (which holds the genetic material) and controlling the neuron's overall activity. It receives signals from other neurons.

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What are Dendrites?

Dendrites are tree-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals and information from other neurons' axon terminals. They are responsible for bringing information into the neuron.

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What are the main types of neurons?

There are three main types of neurons: unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar. Unipolar neurons are common in invertebrates and have a single extension that serves as both input and output. Bipolar neurons are found in sensory systems like the retina and have one axon and one dendrite. Multipolar neurons are common in the brain and spinal cord and have many dendrites, allowing for complex communication.

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What is the synaptic cleft?

The synaptic cleft is a microscopic gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

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What happens during depolarization?

Depolarization is the stage in an action potential where sodium ions rush into the neuron, making the interior less negative and reaching around +30 mV. This creates a positive current that travels down the axon.

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What's the difference between EPSP and IPSP?

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) is a positive voltage change that makes a neuron more likely to fire an action potential. Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) is a negative voltage change that makes a neuron less likely to fire.

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What is the role of dopamine?

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in reward pathways, movement control, and motivation. Dysregulation of dopamine is implicated in disorders like Parkinson's disease and addiction.

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What does acetylcholine do?

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter essential for muscle control, learning, and memory. Its dysfunction is linked to Alzheimer's disease.

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What is the role of GABA?

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate brain activity and anxiety. It calms neurons down.

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What's the difference between small-molecule and large-molecule neurotransmitters?

Small-molecule neurotransmitters are simple molecules like amino acids (glutamate, GABA) and monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine). Large-molecule neurotransmitters are more complex, including neuropeptides like endorphins.

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Nidaamka Dareenka

Nidaamka ugu weyn ee jirka oo xakameeya dhaqdhaqaaqa, dareenka, fikirka iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan.

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Nidaamka Dareenka Dhexe (CNS)

Qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee nidaamka dareenka oo ay ku jiraan maskaxda iyo laf dhabarta.

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Nidaamka Dareenka Xiga (PNS)

Nidaamka neerfaha oo ku xiran CNS isla markaana u diraya macluumaadka jirka oo dhan.

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Nidaamka Dareenka Is-xakameynaya (ANS)

Qayb ka mid ah PNS oo xakameeya howlaha jirka ee aan la xakameyni karin sida garaaca wadnaha iyo neefsashada.

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Nidaamka Dareenka Qalbi-dhiig-wareegga

Qayb ka mid ah ANS oo xakameeya wareegga dhiigga, neefsashada, iyo howlaha kale ee la xiriira.

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Study Notes

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • The PNS connects the central nervous system to limbs and organs
  • Divisions of the PNS:
    • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Manages involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion
    • Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight)
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Counteracts the sympathetic system, controlling functions during rest and digestion
    • Enteric Nervous System: Controls digestive system (often called the "second brain")
    • Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary muscle movements

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord
  • Acts as the main processing center for information and coordinates bodily functions

The Brain: Neurons

  • Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system
  • Components of a Neuron:
    • Soma (Cell Body): Contains the nucleus
    • Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons
    • Axon: Transmits signals away from the neuron; can be myelinated (insulated) or unmyelinated
  • Humans have approximately 67-86 billion neurons and 40-50 billion glial cells (support cells)

The Neural Impulse (Action Potential)

  • Resting State: Neuron is polarized (-70 mV)
  • Depolarization: Sodium ions enter, making the interior less negative (+30 mV)
  • Repolarization: Potassium ions exit, returning to resting state
  • Refractory Periods:
    • Absolute: No new action potentials can occur
    • Relative: Stronger-than-normal stimulus is needed

Neurotransmitter Function

  • Chemicals released at the synapse to communicate between neurons
  • Presynaptic Processes:
    • Neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, release.
  • Binding: Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, leading to either excitatory or inhibitory effects.
  • Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP): Positive voltage change, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

Types of Neurotransmitters

  • Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters:
    • Amino Acids: (e.g., Glutamate, GABA)
    • Monoamines: (e.g., Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine)
  • Large-Molecule Neurotransmitters: Include neuropeptides (e.g., endorphins)

Limbic System Functions

  • Integrates emotions, memory, and homeostasis
    • Hippocampus: Formation of new memories and learning
    • Amygdala: Fear and pleasure responses, emotional memories
    • Hypothalamus: Regulates bodily functions like temperature and hunger. Links the nervous system with the endocrine system

Cerebral Cortex: Lobes

  • The cerebral cortex is involved in higher-order cognitive processes
  • Frontal Lobe: Reasoning, problem-solving, movement
  • Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing, spatial awareness
  • Temporal Lobe: Auditory information, memory
  • Occipital Lobe: Visual information processing

Neuroplasticity

  • The brain's ability to reorganize itself, forming new neural connections throughout life

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