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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary role of the autonomic nervous system?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system prepares the body for stressful situations?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system prepares the body for stressful situations?
What are the main components of a neuron?
What are the main components of a neuron?
How many neurons are estimated to be present in the human nervous system?
How many neurons are estimated to be present in the human nervous system?
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What function does the enteric nervous system primarily regulate?
What function does the enteric nervous system primarily regulate?
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What are axon terminals responsible for in the nervous system?
What are axon terminals responsible for in the nervous system?
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What is a characteristic function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is a characteristic function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What role do glial cells play in the nervous system?
What role do glial cells play in the nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the synaptic cleft?
What is the primary function of the synaptic cleft?
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Which type of neuron is characterized by having a single extension that branches into two functions?
Which type of neuron is characterized by having a single extension that branches into two functions?
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During which stage of the action potential do sodium ions enter the neuron and depolarization occurs?
During which stage of the action potential do sodium ions enter the neuron and depolarization occurs?
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What is a characteristic feature of the absolute refractory period?
What is a characteristic feature of the absolute refractory period?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle control and cognitive functions?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle control and cognitive functions?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as an unconventional neurotransmitter?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as an unconventional neurotransmitter?
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What effect does excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) have on the likelihood of firing action potentials?
What effect does excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) have on the likelihood of firing action potentials?
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Which type of neurotransmitter includes dopamine and serotonin?
Which type of neurotransmitter includes dopamine and serotonin?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation and is a target for many antidepressant medications?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation and is a target for many antidepressant medications?
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What role does the amygdala play in the limbic system?
What role does the amygdala play in the limbic system?
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In which lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information primarily managed?
In which lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information primarily managed?
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What does neural plasticity refer to?
What does neural plasticity refer to?
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Which brain imaging technique measures electrical activity and is useful for diagnosing sleep disorders?
Which brain imaging technique measures electrical activity and is useful for diagnosing sleep disorders?
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What function does the hypothalamus serve within the limbic system?
What function does the hypothalamus serve within the limbic system?
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Which of the following lobes is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Which of the following lobes is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
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Which brain imaging technique allows researchers to see brain activity in real time by detecting blood flow changes?
Which brain imaging technique allows researchers to see brain activity in real time by detecting blood flow changes?
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What occurs during the depolarization stage of an action potential?
What occurs during the depolarization stage of an action potential?
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What defines a unipolar neuron?
What defines a unipolar neuron?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with the modulation of pain and stress responses?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the modulation of pain and stress responses?
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What characterizes the relative refractory period?
What characterizes the relative refractory period?
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Which statement best describes an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
Which statement best describes an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
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What is the resting potential of a neuron typically around?
What is the resting potential of a neuron typically around?
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Which role does dopamine primarily serve?
Which role does dopamine primarily serve?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a small-molecule neurotransmitter?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a small-molecule neurotransmitter?
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What is the primary role of the somatic nervous system?
What is the primary role of the somatic nervous system?
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What triggers the sympathetic nervous system response?
What triggers the sympathetic nervous system response?
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Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for integrating synaptic signals?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for integrating synaptic signals?
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Which component of a neuron is involved in transmitting information away from the cell body?
Which component of a neuron is involved in transmitting information away from the cell body?
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What is the function of synaptic vesicles?
What is the function of synaptic vesicles?
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What is the primary role of serotonin in the body?
What is the primary role of serotonin in the body?
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Which system is often referred to as the 'second brain' and regulates gastrointestinal function?
Which system is often referred to as the 'second brain' and regulates gastrointestinal function?
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What does myelination of axons do for signal transmission?
What does myelination of axons do for signal transmission?
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Which structure of the limbic system is essential for forming new memories?
Which structure of the limbic system is essential for forming new memories?
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Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
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Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing sensory information related to touch and pain?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing sensory information related to touch and pain?
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What does neuroplasticity allow the brain to do after an injury?
What does neuroplasticity allow the brain to do after an injury?
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Which brain imaging technique is primarily used to visualize metabolic processes and brain activity?
Which brain imaging technique is primarily used to visualize metabolic processes and brain activity?
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Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the frontal lobe?
Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the frontal lobe?
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What characterizes the function of the amygdala in the limbic system?
What characterizes the function of the amygdala in the limbic system?
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What is the main purpose of the enteric nervous system?
What is the main purpose of the enteric nervous system?
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Which component of a neuron is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body?
Which component of a neuron is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body?
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How does myelination affect axon signal transmission?
How does myelination affect axon signal transmission?
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Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for involuntary body functions?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for involuntary body functions?
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What are synaptic vesicles responsible for?
What are synaptic vesicles responsible for?
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Which system is directly responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
Which system is directly responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
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The soma of a neuron plays which critical role?
The soma of a neuron plays which critical role?
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What primary function does the peripheral nervous system serve?
What primary function does the peripheral nervous system serve?
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What is a primary characteristic of multipolar neurons?
What is a primary characteristic of multipolar neurons?
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Which stage of action potential is characterized by the exit of potassium ions from the neuron?
Which stage of action potential is characterized by the exit of potassium ions from the neuron?
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How do neurotransmitters primarily influence postsynaptic neurons?
How do neurotransmitters primarily influence postsynaptic neurons?
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What distinguishes absolute refractory periods from relative refractory periods?
What distinguishes absolute refractory periods from relative refractory periods?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the modulation of pain and stress responses?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the modulation of pain and stress responses?
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What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?
What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is categorized as a small-molecule neurotransmitter?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is categorized as a small-molecule neurotransmitter?
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Which type of neurons are primarily associated with sensory functions, such as those in the retina?
Which type of neurons are primarily associated with sensory functions, such as those in the retina?
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What is the primary function of the hippocampus within the limbic system?
What is the primary function of the hippocampus within the limbic system?
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Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for higher cognitive processes?
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for higher cognitive processes?
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Which function is NOT associated with norepinephrine?
Which function is NOT associated with norepinephrine?
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Which structure serves as the connection point between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Which structure serves as the connection point between the nervous and endocrine systems?
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What is the primary characteristic of neuroplasticity?
What is the primary characteristic of neuroplasticity?
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Which brain imaging technique primarily provides detailed structural images of brain tissues?
Which brain imaging technique primarily provides detailed structural images of brain tissues?
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Which neurotransmitter affects mood and is known to be a target for antidepressant medications?
Which neurotransmitter affects mood and is known to be a target for antidepressant medications?
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Which brain region is primarily involved in processing visual information?
Which brain region is primarily involved in processing visual information?
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Study Notes
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS connects the central nervous system to limbs and organs
-
Divisions of the PNS:
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Manages involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight)
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Counteracts the sympathetic system, controlling functions during rest and digestion
- Enteric Nervous System: Controls digestive system (often called the "second brain")
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary muscle movements
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord
- Acts as the main processing center for information and coordinates bodily functions
The Brain: Neurons
- Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system
-
Components of a Neuron:
- Soma (Cell Body): Contains the nucleus
- Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons
- Axon: Transmits signals away from the neuron; can be myelinated (insulated) or unmyelinated
- Humans have approximately 67-86 billion neurons and 40-50 billion glial cells (support cells)
The Neural Impulse (Action Potential)
- Resting State: Neuron is polarized (-70 mV)
- Depolarization: Sodium ions enter, making the interior less negative (+30 mV)
- Repolarization: Potassium ions exit, returning to resting state
-
Refractory Periods:
- Absolute: No new action potentials can occur
- Relative: Stronger-than-normal stimulus is needed
Neurotransmitter Function
- Chemicals released at the synapse to communicate between neurons
-
Presynaptic Processes:
- Neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, release.
- Binding: Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, leading to either excitatory or inhibitory effects.
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP): Positive voltage change, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.
Types of Neurotransmitters
-
Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters:
- Amino Acids: (e.g., Glutamate, GABA)
- Monoamines: (e.g., Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine)
- Large-Molecule Neurotransmitters: Include neuropeptides (e.g., endorphins)
Limbic System Functions
- Integrates emotions, memory, and homeostasis
- Hippocampus: Formation of new memories and learning
- Amygdala: Fear and pleasure responses, emotional memories
- Hypothalamus: Regulates bodily functions like temperature and hunger. Links the nervous system with the endocrine system
Cerebral Cortex: Lobes
- The cerebral cortex is involved in higher-order cognitive processes
- Frontal Lobe: Reasoning, problem-solving, movement
- Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing, spatial awareness
- Temporal Lobe: Auditory information, memory
- Occipital Lobe: Visual information processing
Neuroplasticity
- The brain's ability to reorganize itself, forming new neural connections throughout life
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