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Questions and Answers
Which component is NOT part of the reflex arc?
Which component is NOT part of the reflex arc?
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
Which type of reflex is characterized by having two or more synapses?
Which type of reflex is characterized by having two or more synapses?
The autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling what?
The autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling what?
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In terms of neuron structure, what role do dendrites play?
In terms of neuron structure, what role do dendrites play?
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Which of the following accurately describes the function of sensory nervous system?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of sensory nervous system?
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What distinguishes the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system?
What distinguishes the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system?
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Which chemical transmitter is predominately involved in autonomic responses?
Which chemical transmitter is predominately involved in autonomic responses?
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Which nerve primarily stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver?
Which nerve primarily stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver?
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What role does the lesser splanchnic nerve play in relation to the adrenal medulla?
What role does the lesser splanchnic nerve play in relation to the adrenal medulla?
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Which nerve is responsible for the retention of feces through relaxation of muscles in the distal large intestine?
Which nerve is responsible for the retention of feces through relaxation of muscles in the distal large intestine?
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What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on skeletal muscles during stress responses?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on skeletal muscles during stress responses?
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What is one of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on blood during stress responses?
What is one of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on blood during stress responses?
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Which ganglia do the less splanchnic nerves relay in to control the urinary bladder?
Which ganglia do the less splanchnic nerves relay in to control the urinary bladder?
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In females, the sympathetic nervous system has what kind of effect on the uterine muscles?
In females, the sympathetic nervous system has what kind of effect on the uterine muscles?
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What is the primary composition of catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla?
What is the primary composition of catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla?
Which of the following is NOT a function of catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla?
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What is the pathway for preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the pathway for preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which cranial structure is primarily affected by sympathetic innervation from preganglionic neurons of T1 and T2?
Which cranial structure is primarily affected by sympathetic innervation from preganglionic neurons of T1 and T2?
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Which of the following best describes the axons of postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla?
Which of the following best describes the axons of postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla?
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What effect does sympathetic activation have on the pupils?
What effect does sympathetic activation have on the pupils?
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Which statement about the transport of catecholamines is true?
Which statement about the transport of catecholamines is true?
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In the sympathetic nervous system, where do preganglionic fibers synapse if they pass through the sympathetic chain without relay?
In the sympathetic nervous system, where do preganglionic fibers synapse if they pass through the sympathetic chain without relay?
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What is a characteristic role of the sympathetic nervous system in relation to the skin?
What is a characteristic role of the sympathetic nervous system in relation to the skin?
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What condition is characterized by miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis, and warm, red skin on the same side as a lesion in the cervical sympathetic chain?
What condition is characterized by miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis, and warm, red skin on the same side as a lesion in the cervical sympathetic chain?
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Which of the following effects is associated with increased cardiac properties due to sympathetic stimulation?
Which of the following effects is associated with increased cardiac properties due to sympathetic stimulation?
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Which of the following spinal segments are involved in the origin of autonomic nerves to the heart?
Which of the following spinal segments are involved in the origin of autonomic nerves to the heart?
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What is the primary consequence of vagal stimulation of the lungs?
What is the primary consequence of vagal stimulation of the lungs?
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Which symptom would NOT be expected in Horner's Syndrome?
Which symptom would NOT be expected in Horner's Syndrome?
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In terms of the gastrointestinal tract, sympathetic stimulation has what primary effect?
In terms of the gastrointestinal tract, sympathetic stimulation has what primary effect?
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Which factor does NOT directly affect cerebral blood flow?
Which factor does NOT directly affect cerebral blood flow?
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What type of effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the coronary vessels?
What type of effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the coronary vessels?
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What component of the autonomic nervous system primarily innervates organs in the abdomen?
What component of the autonomic nervous system primarily innervates organs in the abdomen?
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Which manifestation is associated with increased blood flow to the brain?
Which manifestation is associated with increased blood flow to the brain?
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What type of fibers are preganglionic fibers described as?
What type of fibers are preganglionic fibers described as?
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Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic fibers located?
Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic fibers located?
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What is the ratio of postganglionic fibers to preganglionic fibers?
What is the ratio of postganglionic fibers to preganglionic fibers?
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Which type of ganglia is NOT associated with the sympathetic chain?
Which type of ganglia is NOT associated with the sympathetic chain?
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What is a key feature of paravertebral ganglia?
What is a key feature of paravertebral ganglia?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes collateral ganglia?
Which of the following statements accurately describes collateral ganglia?
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The function of autonomic ganglia includes which of the following?
The function of autonomic ganglia includes which of the following?
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Which ganglia are named according to the vessels they are near?
Which ganglia are named according to the vessels they are near?
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What characterizes the fibers connecting ganglia to organs?
What characterizes the fibers connecting ganglia to organs?
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What is a characteristic of the fibers in the sympathetic chain?
What is a characteristic of the fibers in the sympathetic chain?
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- The nervous system receives information from internal and external environments.
- It integrates this information (processes it).
- Levels of integration include spinal cord reflexes, lower brain (subcortical), and higher brain (cortical) levels (thinking and reasoning).
- The system responds rapidly and precisely.
Anatomical Divisions
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord are the main processing centers.
- Peripheral Nervous System: Peripheral nerves and ganglia transmit signals between the CNS and the body.
Neuron
- A neuron is the basic structural unit of the nervous system.
- It has a cell body containing the nucleus and organelles.
- Dendrites receive impulses to the cell body.
- The axon (nerve fiber) carries impulses from the cell body.
- Myelinated axons have a myelin sheath for faster conduction.
- Non-myelinated axons do not have a myelin sheath.
- A nerve is made up of many nerve fibers (neurons).
Synapse
- Synapses are sites where axons of one neuron terminate on dendrites, soma, or axon of another neuron.
- The synaptic cleft is the space where chemical transmitters are released at the synaptic site.
- Synapses transmit impulses (signals or electrical activity) from one nerve cell to another.
Physiological Divisions
- Sensory Nervous System: Transmits information from peripheral receptors to the CNS (through sensory fibers). Enters the spinal cord via the posterior root.
- Motor Nervous System: Transmits information from the CNS to the periphery (muscles, glands, others) through motor fibers. Leaves the spinal cord via the anterior root.
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Receptors: Receive external information (light, sound, temperature, pressure). Also receive internal information (muscle tension, visceral distention).
- Somatic sensory division receives information from the body surface (skin, muscles, joints), special senses.
- Visceral sensory division receives information from internal organs (viscera).
- Somatic Nervous System: Controls skeletal muscles (reflexes or voluntary).
- Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions including smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Reflex Arc
- Components include: Stimulus, Receptor, Afferent neuron (carries signal to CNS), Center (synapse in CNS), Efferent neuron (carries response from CNS to effector), Effector (muscle or gland).
- Reflexes, such as the knee-jerk reflex, can be monosynaptic (one synapse) or polysynaptic (more than one synapse).
Autonomic Ganglia
- Collections of neurons outside the CNS.
- Preganglionic fibers are myelinated.
- Postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated. Function as distribution centers for relaying nerve impulses to target organs.
- Types: Paravertebral, Collateral, Terminal.
Adrenal Medulla
- Modified sympathetic ganglion, supplied by preganglionic fibers.
- Secretes catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) directly into the blood.
- Effects last longer than sympathetic stimulation.
Head and Neck Functions
- The head and neck have many functions, including pupil constriction, elevation of eyelids, widening of visual field, and contraction of muscles in the skin.
Thorax
- Functions include heart rate regulation and lung function, through sympathetic and parasympathetic function.
Abdomen
- Functions include regulation of gastrointestinal tract motility and secretion. Also includes liver, spleen, and other organ regulation.
Pelvic Viscera
- Functions related to the pelvic organs, including gut function (feces), the urinary bladder (urine), genitalia in males and females. Also includes metabolic processes.
Autonomic Reflexes
- Simple reflexes are integrated in the spinal cord (e.g., bladder control).
- More complex reflexes integrate at higher CNS levels (e.g., respiration).
- Pupillary reflexes are important autonomic functions.
Chemical Transmission
- Acetylcholine is used in cholinergic systems.
- Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine is used in adrenergic systems.
- Both have different receptors and methods of removal from the synapse.
Autonomic Drugs
- Drugs can either stimulate or depress (block) parasympathetic or sympathetic activity.
- Different types of drugs affect different receptors in the autonomic nervous system.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structures and functions of the nervous system. This quiz covers the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurons, and the process of information integration. Perfect for students learning about human biology and anatomy.
