Nervous System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which component is NOT part of the reflex arc?

  • Synaptic cleft (correct)
  • Stimulus
  • Efferent neuron
  • Receptor

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?

  • Receive impulses from dendrites
  • Transmit sensory signals
  • Increase conduction speed of impulses (correct)
  • Facilitate chemical transmission

Which type of reflex is characterized by having two or more synapses?

  • Polysynaptic reflex (correct)
  • Monosynaptic reflex
  • Somatic reflex
  • Autonomic reflex

The autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling what?

<p>Involuntary functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of neuron structure, what role do dendrites play?

<p>Receive impulses towards the cell body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of sensory nervous system?

<p>Relay information from peripheral receptors to CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Contains the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical transmitter is predominately involved in autonomic responses?

<p>Acetylcholine (B), Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve primarily stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver?

<p>Greater splanchnic nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the lesser splanchnic nerve play in relation to the adrenal medulla?

<p>Facilitates secretion of hormones into blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the retention of feces through relaxation of muscles in the distal large intestine?

<p>Lumbar splanchnic nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on skeletal muscles during stress responses?

<p>Stimulates glycogenolysis and improves contraction strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on blood during stress responses?

<p>Enhances clotting ability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ganglia do the less splanchnic nerves relay in to control the urinary bladder?

<p>Inferior mesenteric ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In females, the sympathetic nervous system has what kind of effect on the uterine muscles?

<p>Variable effects depending on the menstrual cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla?

<p>80% adrenaline &amp; 20% noradrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla?

<p>They increase digestion and metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway for preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>They leave the spinal cord via the ventral roots. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial structure is primarily affected by sympathetic innervation from preganglionic neurons of T1 and T2?

<p>Eye (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the axons of postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla?

<p>They have lost their axons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sympathetic activation have on the pupils?

<p>Contraction of the dilator pupillae muscle (mydriasis) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the transport of catecholamines is true?

<p>They are removed slowly from the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sympathetic nervous system, where do preganglionic fibers synapse if they pass through the sympathetic chain without relay?

<p>In collateral ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic role of the sympathetic nervous system in relation to the skin?

<p>Contraction of piloerector muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis, and warm, red skin on the same side as a lesion in the cervical sympathetic chain?

<p>Horner's Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is associated with increased cardiac properties due to sympathetic stimulation?

<p>Increased excitability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following spinal segments are involved in the origin of autonomic nerves to the heart?

<p>T1 to T4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of vagal stimulation of the lungs?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom would NOT be expected in Horner's Syndrome?

<p>Increased sweating on the affected side (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of the gastrointestinal tract, sympathetic stimulation has what primary effect?

<p>Relaxes smooth muscle of the intestinal wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT directly affect cerebral blood flow?

<p>Respiratory rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the coronary vessels?

<p>Mild vasodilation through indirect mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the autonomic nervous system primarily innervates organs in the abdomen?

<p>Thoracic splanchnic nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which manifestation is associated with increased blood flow to the brain?

<p>Increased mental alertness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers are preganglionic fibers described as?

<p>Myelinated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic fibers located?

<p>In the autonomic ganglion outside the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of postganglionic fibers to preganglionic fibers?

<p>1:8-9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ganglia is NOT associated with the sympathetic chain?

<p>Terminal ganglia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of paravertebral ganglia?

<p>Paired for each segment of the spine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes collateral ganglia?

<p>Located midway between the spinal cord and target organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of autonomic ganglia includes which of the following?

<p>To act as distribution centers for signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ganglia are named according to the vessels they are near?

<p>Collateral ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the fibers connecting ganglia to organs?

<p>Highly variable in length ranging from 1mm to several cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the fibers in the sympathetic chain?

<p>Postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nervous System

The body's communication network, receiving information from the internal/external environment, processing it, and responding rapidly and precisely.

Neuron

The basic structural unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell.

Reflex Arc

The functional unit of the nervous system, responsible for rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.

Synapse

The point of communication between two neurons; a gap where chemical signals are transmitted.

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Sensory Nervous System

Part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

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Motor Nervous System

Part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord; the main processing center of the nervous system.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the motor nervous system that controls involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and responses to stress .

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Preganglionic fiber characteristics

Preganglionic fibers are myelinated and originate from the lateral horn cells (LHC) of the spinal cord or motor cranial nuclei.

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Postganglionic fiber characteristics

Postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated, with a ratio of 1 preganglionic to 8-9 postganglionic fibers, and their cell bodies reside in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS.

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Autonomic Ganglia Function

Autonomic ganglia act as distribution centers for the autonomic nervous system.

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Paravertebral Ganglia location

Paravertebral ganglia are located on both sides of the vertebral column, near the spinal cord.

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Collateral Ganglia location

Collateral ganglia are located midway between the spinal cord and the target organs (viscera) along the abdominal aorta.

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Terminal Ganglia location

Terminal ganglia are located near or within the target organs (viscera).

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Ganglion size

Ganglia can vary in size, from very small (1mm) to larger ones (several cm).

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Ganglion's relative size vs organs

Terminal ganglia are located close to the organs they innervate because of close proximity.

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Cervical Ganglia

Only three cervical ganglia.

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Ganglia naming conventions

Ganglia are frequently named based on the vessel they're near.

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Adrenal Medulla

A modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) directly into the bloodstream.

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Catecholamines

Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, including adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body to respond to stress.

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Preganglionic Sympathetic Fibers

Nerve fibers from the sympathetic nervous system that originate in the spinal cord and travel to ganglia.

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Postganglionic Sympathetic Fibers

Nerve fibers that originate in the ganglia and transmit sympathetic signals to target organs.

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Paravertebral Sympathetic Chain

A chain of ganglia located along the spinal column that receives preganglionic sympathetic fibers and relays them to target organs.

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Collateral Ganglia

Clusters of nerve cells that are not part of the paravertebral sympathetic chain, receiving preganglionic fibers and relaying them to specific target organs.

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Sympathetic Effects on the Eye

Pupil dilation (mydriasis), widening of palpebral fissure (eyelid opening), and potentially forward eye protrusion (exophthalmos).

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Sympathetic Effects on the Skin

Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), piloerection (hair standing on end), and increased sweat gland secretion.

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Sympathetic Effects on Salivary Glands

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels leading to decreased saliva production.

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Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) - Thorax

The part of the sympathetic nervous system that originates from the thoracic spinal cord (T1-T12) and is responsible for functions related to the heart, lungs, and abdomen.

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Sympathetic Influence on the Heart

The SNS increases heart rate, force of contraction, conduction speed, and excitability. It also causes vasodilation of coronary vessels, indirectly increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.

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Sympathetic Influence on the Lungs

The SNS causes bronchodilation (widening of airways) for better airflow and mild vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels.

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Sympathetic Influence on the Gastrointestinal Tract

The SNS relaxes the smooth muscles of the stomach, small intestine, and proximal part of the large intestine, while contracting sphincters like the pyloric sphincter.

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Horner's Syndrome

A condition caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system on one side of the cervical chain, resulting in characteristic symptoms on the affected side of the face.

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Miosis

Pupil constriction, a symptom of Horner's Syndrome resulting from the loss of sympathetic innervation to the dilator pupillae muscle.

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Ptosis

Drooping of the upper eyelid, another symptom of Horner's Syndrome due to the loss of sympathetic innervation to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle.

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Anhydrosis

Lack of sweating on the affected side of the face and neck, a symptom of Horner's Syndrome due to loss of sympathetic innervation to sweat glands.

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Sympathetic Influence on Cerebral Circulation

The SNS increases cerebral blood flow due to an increase in arterial blood pressure. However, it also causes mild vasoconstriction of cerebral vessels.

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Sympathetic Influence on Mental Alertness

The SNS enhances mental alertness, allowing for faster processing and responses to stimuli.

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Greater Splanchnic Nerve

A sympathetic nerve that originates from spinal cord segments T5-T9 and relays in the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia. It innervates the liver, spleen, adrenal medulla, and blood vessels.

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Lesser Splanchnic Nerve

A sympathetic nerve that originates from spinal cord segments T10-T11 and relays in the aorticorenal and superior mesenteric ganglia. It primarily affects the adrenal medulla, stimulating the release of adrenaline.

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Least Splanchnic Nerve

A sympathetic nerve originating from T12 that relays in the aorticorenal ganglion. It primarily targets the adrenal medulla, but with a lesser effect than the Lesser Splanchnic Nerve.

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Sympathetic Nervous System's Role in Digestion

The sympathetic nervous system, through its splanchnic nerves, primarily influences digestion by inhibiting peristalsis and promoting sphincter contraction, resulting in slowed digestion and retention of waste products.

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Sympathetic Nervous System's Role in Blood Vessels

The sympathetic nervous system typically causes vasoconstriction (narrowing) of blood vessels in most areas of the body, but can cause vasodilation (widening) in specific areas like skeletal muscles and the heart.

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Sympathetic Nervous System's Role in Metabolism

The sympathetic nervous system influences metabolism by increasing basal metabolic rate, enhancing blood clotting, elevating blood glucose levels, and stimulating lipolysis (breakdown of fat).

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Sympathetic Nervous System's Role in Stress Response

The sympathetic nervous system produces the 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body for stressful situations. This involves increasing heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and diverting resources to essential systems for action.

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Study Notes

Nervous System

  • The nervous system receives information from internal and external environments.
  • It integrates this information (processes it).
  • Levels of integration include spinal cord reflexes, lower brain (subcortical), and higher brain (cortical) levels (thinking and reasoning).
  • The system responds rapidly and precisely.

Anatomical Divisions

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord are the main processing centers.
  • Peripheral Nervous System: Peripheral nerves and ganglia transmit signals between the CNS and the body.

Neuron

  • A neuron is the basic structural unit of the nervous system.
  • It has a cell body containing the nucleus and organelles.
  • Dendrites receive impulses to the cell body.
  • The axon (nerve fiber) carries impulses from the cell body.
    • Myelinated axons have a myelin sheath for faster conduction.
    • Non-myelinated axons do not have a myelin sheath.
  • A nerve is made up of many nerve fibers (neurons).

Synapse

  • Synapses are sites where axons of one neuron terminate on dendrites, soma, or axon of another neuron.
  • The synaptic cleft is the space where chemical transmitters are released at the synaptic site.
  • Synapses transmit impulses (signals or electrical activity) from one nerve cell to another.

Physiological Divisions

  • Sensory Nervous System: Transmits information from peripheral receptors to the CNS (through sensory fibers). Enters the spinal cord via the posterior root.
  • Motor Nervous System: Transmits information from the CNS to the periphery (muscles, glands, others) through motor fibers. Leaves the spinal cord via the anterior root.
  • Receptors: Receive external information (light, sound, temperature, pressure). Also receive internal information (muscle tension, visceral distention).
    • Somatic sensory division receives information from the body surface (skin, muscles, joints), special senses.
    • Visceral sensory division receives information from internal organs (viscera).
  • Somatic Nervous System: Controls skeletal muscles (reflexes or voluntary).
  • Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions including smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Reflex Arc

  • Components include: Stimulus, Receptor, Afferent neuron (carries signal to CNS), Center (synapse in CNS), Efferent neuron (carries response from CNS to effector), Effector (muscle or gland).
  • Reflexes, such as the knee-jerk reflex, can be monosynaptic (one synapse) or polysynaptic (more than one synapse).

Autonomic Ganglia

  • Collections of neurons outside the CNS.
  • Preganglionic fibers are myelinated.
  • Postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated. Function as distribution centers for relaying nerve impulses to target organs.
  • Types: Paravertebral, Collateral, Terminal.

Adrenal Medulla

  • Modified sympathetic ganglion, supplied by preganglionic fibers.
  • Secretes catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) directly into the blood.
  • Effects last longer than sympathetic stimulation.

Head and Neck Functions

  • The head and neck have many functions, including pupil constriction, elevation of eyelids, widening of visual field, and contraction of muscles in the skin.

Thorax

  • Functions include heart rate regulation and lung function, through sympathetic and parasympathetic function.

Abdomen

  • Functions include regulation of gastrointestinal tract motility and secretion. Also includes liver, spleen, and other organ regulation.

Pelvic Viscera

  • Functions related to the pelvic organs, including gut function (feces), the urinary bladder (urine), genitalia in males and females. Also includes metabolic processes.

Autonomic Reflexes

  • Simple reflexes are integrated in the spinal cord (e.g., bladder control).
  • More complex reflexes integrate at higher CNS levels (e.g., respiration).
  • Pupillary reflexes are important autonomic functions.

Chemical Transmission

  • Acetylcholine is used in cholinergic systems.
  • Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine is used in adrenergic systems.
  • Both have different receptors and methods of removal from the synapse.

Autonomic Drugs

  • Drugs can either stimulate or depress (block) parasympathetic or sympathetic activity.
  • Different types of drugs affect different receptors in the autonomic nervous system.

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