Biology Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of sensory (afferent) neurons?

  • Process motor responses from the spinal cord
  • Transmit impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord (correct)
  • Conduct impulses from the brain to muscles
  • Connect motor neurons to interneurons

Which of the following statements about endorphins is true?

  • Endorphins have no significant effect on mood.
  • Certain foods can stimulate the release of endorphins. (correct)
  • Only one type of endorphin has been identified in humans.
  • Endorphins are only released during physical exercise.

What role does the spinal cord play in the nervous system?

  • It is primarily responsible for thought processes.
  • It controls muscle movements independently of the brain.
  • It transmits nerve signals to and from the brain. (correct)
  • It serves as the primary center for endorphin production.

What is the primary function of the neuron’s cell body?

<p>To carry genetic information and maintain the neuron's structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron connects sensory neurons to motor neurons?

<p>Interneurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the function of dendrites?

<p>To receive information from other neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

<p>A positively charged ion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the Nodes of Ranvier play in neural communication?

<p>They speed up the propagation of action potentials through saltatory conduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do endorphins primarily do in the human body?

<p>Produce feelings of well-being or euphoria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is considered the seat of consciousness?

<p>Brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the myelin sheath affect the conduction of information in neurons?

<p>It speeds up and protects the conduction of impulses along the axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical charge of an anion?

<p>Negatively charged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of terminal buttons in a neuron?

<p>To release neurotransmitters into the synapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons in the brain?

<p>10 glial cells for every neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is adrenaline primarily responsible for during high-stress situations?

<p>Stimulating increased heart rate and dilating airways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of an EpiPen?

<p>To manage allergic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

<p>Relaying sensory information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is associated with the hypothalamus?

<p>Controlling aggressive behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in filtering background stimuli during sleep?

<p>Reticular formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the brain is responsible for self-preservation, learning, and emotions?

<p>Limbic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary role of the reticular formation is to:

<p>Arouse the body for appropriate action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily associated with perception and emotion?

<p>Temporal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of low insulin levels in the body?

<p>Increased blood sugar levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major function does the limbic system support?

<p>Organizing behavior for survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebral cortex primarily oversee?

<p>Conscious experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the testes?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pancreas play in the body's metabolic processes?

<p>Controls blood sugar levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for motor function?

<p>Frontal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in insulin levels primarily result in?

<p>Rapid utilization of blood sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of motor function related to the brain's structure?

<p>It involves the frontal lobe and pathways to the spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is associated with the thickening of the uterine wall?

<p>Estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily affects the body's balance and coordination?

<p>Cerebellum, brainstem, and cerebral cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of a concussion?

<p>Loss of consciousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is considered a warning sign for a potential stroke?

<p>Transient ischemic attack (TIA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stroke results from a blood clot?

<p>Ischemic stroke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of headaches?

<p>Chronic migraines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medical examination is used to assess continuous brain function?

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can traumatic brain injury have?

<p>Paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is associated with which condition?

<p>Recurrent head trauma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are visual-spatial skills primarily associated with?

<p>Three-dimensional thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the soma play in a neuron?

<p>It connects the dendrites to the axon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes neurons?

<p>Neurons conduct nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a neuron is destroyed?

<p>It cannot be replaced because neurons do not go through mitosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

<p>To carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are part of the nervous system?

<p>Central and Peripheral nervous systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neurons transmit information within the body?

<p>Through chemical signals that travel through the synapse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the function of the axon in a neuron?

<p>It transmits the electrical impulses away from the cell body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best differentiates a machine from a living organism like a human?

<p>Living organisms exhibit self-repair mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neuron

A nerve cell that carries nerve impulses and is the basic building block of the nervous system.

Nervous System

A complex network of nerves and cells that carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body.

Central Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that includes nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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Soma (cell body)

The center of the neuron. It contains the nucleus and is responsible for the life of the neuron.

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Nerve Impulse

Electrical signal carried along a neuron.

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Amiotic

Neurons cannot be replaced when destroyed.

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Information Processing Units

What neurons are in the brain. They are in charge of receiving and transmitting information.

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Neuron cell body

The central part of a neuron. It contains the nucleus and organelles needed for the neuron’s structure and function.

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Dendrites

Branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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Axon

A long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath along an axon that speed up signal transmission.

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Myelin sheath

Insulating layer around an axon that speeds up signal transmission.

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Terminal buttons

Small knobs at the ends of axon branches, involved in neurotransmitter release.

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Synapse

Junction between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.

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Glial cells (Glia)

Cells that support neurons by providing structure, insulation, and nutrients.

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What are endorphins?

Endorphins are naturally produced chemicals in the brain that trigger feelings of pleasure, well-being, and pain relief.

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How are endorphins released?

Endorphins are released during activities like exercise, excitement, pain, and sexual activity.

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Sensory Neuron

A sensory neuron transmits signals from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.

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Motor Neuron

A motor neuron transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.

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Interneuron

An interneuron relays signals between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.

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What is a nerve impulse?

A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that travels along a neuron.

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What is the central nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

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What does the brain do?

The brain controls our thoughts, memory, speech, movement, and the function of many organs.

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3D thinking

The ability to imagine and manipulate objects in three dimensions, often used in creative problem solving and design.

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Visual-spatial skills

The ability to perceive and understand visual information, including spatial relationships and patterns.

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Analytical reasoning

The ability to break down complex information into smaller parts, identify relationships, and draw logical conclusions.

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Traditional thinking

A structured and logical approach to problem-solving, often using established methods and processes.

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Thinking outside the box

A creative and unconventional way of approaching problems, often involving new perspectives or solutions.

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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing temporary loss of function but not permanent brain damage.

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Ischemic Stroke

A type of stroke caused by a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain, leading to brain damage.

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Hemorrhagic Stroke

A type of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain, often due to a burst blood vessel, leading to brain damage.

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Adrenaline's Role

Adrenaline prepares the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing muscular strength and resistance to fatigue.

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Pancreas Function

The pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. Too much or too little insulin can lead to health issues.

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Diabetes Cause

Diabetes can occur when there's a low supply of insulin, preventing cells from using sugar effectively.

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Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is caused by too much insulin, resulting in rapid sugar utilization, weakness, sweating, and potential collapse.

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Testosterone's Role

Testosterone, secreted by the testes, plays a key role in developing male secondary sex characteristics.

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Estrogen & Progesterone

Estrogen (from ovaries) develops female characteristics, while progesterone thickens the uterine lining for pregnancy.

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Brain: Motor Function

Motor functions originate in the motor cortex, travel through pathways to the spinal cord, and control movements.

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Brain: Coordination & Balance

The cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem work together to maintain balance and coordination.

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Reticular Formation

A group of nerve cells located within and between the medulla and pons. It activates the body for appropriate action and filters out background stimuli to enable undisturbed sleep.

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Thalamus

A relay center in the brain mainly for sensory information. It directs sensory input to appropriate areas of the cortex for interpretation and, along with the reticular activating system, contributes to conscious awareness.

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Hypothalamus

A crucial brain region responsible for maintaining homeostasis and regulating basic survival behaviors like eating, drinking, mating, and aggression.

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Limbic System

A network of brain structures located between the central core and cerebral cortex, involved in self-preservation, learning, memory, emotions, and pleasure.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres responsible for higher cognitive functions like thinking, feeling, perceiving, planning, and executing actions.

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What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

The four lobes of the cerebral cortex are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

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What is the function of the frontal lobe?

The frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision-making, voluntary movement, and personality.

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What is the function of the parietal lobe?

The parietal lobe processes sensory information like touch, temperature, pain, and spatial awareness.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • A machine converts one form of energy to another
  • The human body converts food energy into actions
  • The brain is a part of that process.

The Human Nervous System

  • The nervous system is a network of nerves and cells
  • It carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord
  • The system includes the central and peripheral nervous systems

Neuron

  • Neurons (nerve cells) conduct nerve impulses
  • They are highly specialized cells
  • Neurons don't undergo mitosis, so they cannot be replaced

Parts of a Neuron

  • Soma (cell body): contains the nucleus and nourishes the neuron
  • Dendrites: receive inputs from other neurons
  • Axon: carries signals away from the cell body
  • Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in the myelin sheath
  • Myelin sheath: insulates the axon
  • Terminal buttons: release neurotransmitters at synapses

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Description

This quiz covers essential topics related to the human nervous system, including the structure and function of neurons, parts of a neuron, and how the nervous system processes information. Explore the fundamentals of energy conversion and the roles of various components within the nervous system.

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