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Questions and Answers
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating visceral functions?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating visceral functions?
What is the main function of unipolar neurons?
What is the main function of unipolar neurons?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which structure is part of the rhombencephalon?
Which structure is part of the rhombencephalon?
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What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of multipolar neurons?
Which of the following is a characteristic of multipolar neurons?
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What part of the forebrain is involved in the processing of sensory information?
What part of the forebrain is involved in the processing of sensory information?
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Which nervous system division is concerned with skeletal muscle activity?
Which nervous system division is concerned with skeletal muscle activity?
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What is the function of the myelin sheath in nerve fibers?
What is the function of the myelin sheath in nerve fibers?
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Which cells are responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath in peripheral nerves?
Which cells are responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath in peripheral nerves?
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What is the role of neurotrophins?
What is the role of neurotrophins?
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Which structure facilitates 'saltatory conduction' in axons?
Which structure facilitates 'saltatory conduction' in axons?
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What is the primary function of sensory or afferent neurons?
What is the primary function of sensory or afferent neurons?
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Which type of neuron is characterized by a long axon and a cell body located in different parts of the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron is characterized by a long axon and a cell body located in different parts of the central nervous system?
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Which type of flow transports proteins from the soma to the axon?
Which type of flow transports proteins from the soma to the axon?
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What is the primary role of Nissl bodies in neurons?
What is the primary role of Nissl bodies in neurons?
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At which developmental stage is the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerve formed?
At which developmental stage is the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerve formed?
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Which structure is not found in the axon of a neuron?
Which structure is not found in the axon of a neuron?
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What is the primary component of the axon's structure?
What is the primary component of the axon's structure?
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What is the approximate length of the longest axon in a neuron?
What is the approximate length of the longest axon in a neuron?
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What type of membrane surrounds the axon?
What type of membrane surrounds the axon?
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What is the function of the epineurium in nerve coverings?
What is the function of the epineurium in nerve coverings?
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Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses toward the nerve cell body?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses toward the nerve cell body?
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What is a defining characteristic of Golgi Type II neurons?
What is a defining characteristic of Golgi Type II neurons?
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What is the primary characteristic of first-degree nerve fiber injury?
What is the primary characteristic of first-degree nerve fiber injury?
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Which degree of nerve injury is characterized by the interruption of the endoneurium while the epineurium and perineurium remain intact?
Which degree of nerve injury is characterized by the interruption of the endoneurium while the epineurium and perineurium remain intact?
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Wallerian degeneration typically occurs in which degree of nerve injury?
Wallerian degeneration typically occurs in which degree of nerve injury?
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What is NOT a requirement for successful regeneration of a nerve fiber?
What is NOT a requirement for successful regeneration of a nerve fiber?
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During which stage of regeneration does the myelination of a new axon occur?
During which stage of regeneration does the myelination of a new axon occur?
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What is the primary function of beta-subunits in nerve growth factor?
What is the primary function of beta-subunits in nerve growth factor?
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Which neurotrophic factor is known to protect motor neurons and is used in treating motor neuron diseases?
Which neurotrophic factor is known to protect motor neurons and is used in treating motor neuron diseases?
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What characteristic distinguishes myelinated nerve fibers from non-myelinated nerve fibers?
What characteristic distinguishes myelinated nerve fibers from non-myelinated nerve fibers?
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What type of nerve fibers arise from the spinal cord?
What type of nerve fibers arise from the spinal cord?
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Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is primarily involved in which function?
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is primarily involved in which function?
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Which factor is known to protect dopaminergic neurons?
Which factor is known to protect dopaminergic neurons?
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Which type of nerve fibers supply skeletal muscles?
Which type of nerve fibers supply skeletal muscles?
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BDGF is primarily found in which of the following tissues?
BDGF is primarily found in which of the following tissues?
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Which type of nerve fibers secrete noradrenaline?
Which type of nerve fibers secrete noradrenaline?
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What is the characteristic of Type C nerve fibers?
What is the characteristic of Type C nerve fibers?
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What occurs during the absolute refractory period?
What occurs during the absolute refractory period?
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Which term describes the form of conduction where impulses jump from one node to another?
Which term describes the form of conduction where impulses jump from one node to another?
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What is the effect of continuous depolarization on nerve fibers?
What is the effect of continuous depolarization on nerve fibers?
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Which statement best describes excitability in nerve fibers?
Which statement best describes excitability in nerve fibers?
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What happens when multiple subliminal stimuli are combined in a short time?
What happens when multiple subliminal stimuli are combined in a short time?
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Which of the following describes the all-or-none law of nerve stimulation?
Which of the following describes the all-or-none law of nerve stimulation?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The nervous system is divided into two main sections: central and peripheral.
- The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves branching out from the brain and spinal cord.
Parts of the Brain
-
Prosencephalon (Forebrain): Divided into telencephalon and diencephalon.
- Telencephalon: Cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala.
- Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus, metathalamus, subthalamus.
- Mesencephalon (Midbrain): Also known as the midbrain.
-
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain): Divided into metencephalon and myelencephalon.
- Metencephalon: Pons and cerebellum.
- Myelencephalon: Medulla oblongata.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of neurons and their processes throughout the body.
- Cranial nerves arise from the brain.
- Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord.
- It is divided into two subdivisions:
- Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary muscle movements.
- Autonomic nervous system: Regulates involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
Neuron Structure
- Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
- Dendrites receive signals.
- Axons transmit signals.
Neuron Classification
- Classified by number of poles:
- Unipolar: Single pole.
- Bipolar: Two poles.
- Multipolar: Multiple poles.
- Classified by function:
- Motor (efferent): Carry impulses from CNS to muscles/glands.
- Sensory (afferent): Carry impulses from sensory receptors to CNS.
- Classified by length of axon:
- Golgi type I: Long axons.
- Golgi type II: Short axons.
Neuron Structure Continued
- Nerve cell bodies contain Nissl bodies (granules), neurofibrils, nucleus, etc.
- Nissl bodies are associated with protein synthesis.
- Myelin sheath surrounds some nerve fibers and helps speed up transmission.
Myelin Sheath Detail
- Myelin sheath, is responsible for faster conduction of the nerve impulse.
- Saltatory conduction: The way an impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next.
- Neurilemma is the outer layer of the myelin.
Functions of Myelin Sheath
- Faster conduction of impulses.
- Insulating capacity, preventing stimulation of adjacent nerve fibres.
Neurotrophic factors
- These proteins play a vital role in the growth, survival and functioning of the neurons.
- Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a key neurotrophin.
Nerve Fiber Properties
- Excitability: Ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus.
- Conductivity: Ability of a neuron to transmit an impulse.
- Refractory Period: Period of time immediately after a nerve impulse when the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus.
- Summation: Adding together multiple subthreshold stimuli to reach a threshold for firing.
- Adaptation: Decreased responsiveness to a sustained stimulus.
- All-or-None Law: A nerve fiber will fire at maximum strength or not at all.
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Description
Explore the structure and function of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the central and peripheral nervous systems, along with the different parts of the brain. Test your knowledge on the components and characteristics of these vital systems.
