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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
Which artery is NOT a part of the arterial supply to the brain?
Which artery is NOT a part of the arterial supply to the brain?
What is the primary function of the optic nerve (N II)?
What is the primary function of the optic nerve (N II)?
Which cranial nerve is involved in regulating the diameter of the pupil?
Which cranial nerve is involved in regulating the diameter of the pupil?
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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Which of the following is a function of the vagus nerve (N X)?
Which of the following is a function of the vagus nerve (N X)?
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Which artery supplies the cerebellum?
Which artery supplies the cerebellum?
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Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for motor control of facial muscles?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for motor control of facial muscles?
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What is the primary function of the Trigeminal Nerve?
What is the primary function of the Trigeminal Nerve?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for special sensory functions such as balance and hearing?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for special sensory functions such as balance and hearing?
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What type of functions does the Vagus Nerve primarily serve?
What type of functions does the Vagus Nerve primarily serve?
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Which of the following nerves provides motor control for the muscles involved in voluntary swallowing?
Which of the following nerves provides motor control for the muscles involved in voluntary swallowing?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling eye movements, particularly lateral movements?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling eye movements, particularly lateral movements?
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What type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?
What type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
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How many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system between the central nervous system and the target organ?
How many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system between the central nervous system and the target organ?
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What primarily distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?
What primarily distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?
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What function does the autonomic nervous system NOT regulate?
What function does the autonomic nervous system NOT regulate?
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Which of the following is a responsibility of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is a responsibility of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which statement accurately describes the somatic nervous system?
Which statement accurately describes the somatic nervous system?
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The autonomic nervous system is primarily involved in maintaining which of the following?
The autonomic nervous system is primarily involved in maintaining which of the following?
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What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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Which layer of the meninges is directly attached to the surface of the brain?
Which layer of the meninges is directly attached to the surface of the brain?
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How frequently is cerebrospinal fluid replaced in the human body?
How frequently is cerebrospinal fluid replaced in the human body?
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Which structure is lined with ependymal cells within the ventricular system?
Which structure is lined with ependymal cells within the ventricular system?
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What do the arachnoid trabeculae help to support?
What do the arachnoid trabeculae help to support?
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Which part of the brain houses the lateral ventricles?
Which part of the brain houses the lateral ventricles?
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What is the function of the subarachnoid space?
What is the function of the subarachnoid space?
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The third ventricle is connected to which other structure?
The third ventricle is connected to which other structure?
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What primarily influences the permeability of the choroid plexus?
What primarily influences the permeability of the choroid plexus?
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Which space is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?
Which space is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?
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What is the primary role of the dura mater?
What is the primary role of the dura mater?
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The circulation of cerebrospinal fluid primarily occurs through which structure?
The circulation of cerebrospinal fluid primarily occurs through which structure?
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What is the approximate volume of circulating cerebrospinal fluid in the human body?
What is the approximate volume of circulating cerebrospinal fluid in the human body?
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Which part of the ventricular system contains the aqueduct of midbrain?
Which part of the ventricular system contains the aqueduct of midbrain?
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What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?
What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?
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Which lobe is primarily responsible for the perception of visual stimuli?
Which lobe is primarily responsible for the perception of visual stimuli?
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Which function is mostly associated with the right hemisphere of the brain?
Which function is mostly associated with the right hemisphere of the brain?
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What type of information does the thalamus process?
What type of information does the thalamus process?
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Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for coordinating complex somatic motor patterns?
Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for coordinating complex somatic motor patterns?
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Which structure is essential for maintaining consciousness?
Which structure is essential for maintaining consciousness?
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What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the brain?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the brain?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrum?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrum?
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Which structure provides a centralized connection between the two cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure provides a centralized connection between the two cerebral hemispheres?
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The postcentral gyrus is primarily involved in which function?
The postcentral gyrus is primarily involved in which function?
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What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system during stressful situations?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system during stressful situations?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems generally affect organ function?
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems generally affect organ function?
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What role do sympathetic trunks play in the nervous system?
What role do sympathetic trunks play in the nervous system?
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What is a major function of the vagus nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is a major function of the vagus nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following activities is primarily suppressed by the sympathetic nervous system during stress?
Which of the following activities is primarily suppressed by the sympathetic nervous system during stress?
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What effect do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on heart rate?
What effect do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on heart rate?
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Which statement accurately describes dual innervation?
Which statement accurately describes dual innervation?
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What is one major effect of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
What is one major effect of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
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Which neurotransmitter is released during the sympathetic nervous system activation?
Which neurotransmitter is released during the sympathetic nervous system activation?
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Study Notes
Lecture 6: The Nervous System II - Brain
- The brain comprises brain anatomy, meninges, ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cranial nerves, arteries, and the autonomic nervous system.
Gross Brain Anatomy
- The brain has several lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) which increase surface area, as well as sulci and gyri.
- The brain has a left and right cerebral hemisphere connected by the corpus callosum.
- Cerebral veins and arteries are covered by arachnoid mater.
- The brain contains the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, and other structures.
The Cerebrum
- The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres and several lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal).
- Gyri and sulci increase surface area.
- The left hemisphere is associated with speech, writing, language, and mathematics.
- The right hemisphere is associated with spatial visualization and analysis by touch.
The Cerebral Lobes
- Frontal lobe: Conscious control of skeletal muscle.
- Occipital lobe: Perception of visual stimuli.
- Parietal lobe: Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste.
- Temporal lobe: Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli. (Page 5)
Cranial Meninges
- Protect and support the brain and spinal cord.
- Layers include dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
- The arachnoid matter does not follow sulci and gyri and the pia mater follows the sulci and gyri.
- The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid and arteries and veins.
- Dura Mater has folds and sinuses.
Ventricular System of the Brain
- Ventricles are fluid-filled cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Lined with ependymal cells.
- CSF transports nutrients and removes waste from the CNS.
- CSF also cushions the CNS.
- Produced in choroid plexus.
- CSF is ~500 ml/day, ~150 ml circulates.
Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
- CSF is made in the choroid plexus.
- ~500ml/day. ~150ml circulates.
- CSF is replaced every 8 hours.
Arterial Supply to the Brain
- Arteries of the Circle of Willis include anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, posterior communicating, posterior cerebral, basilar, and vertebral arteries.
Cranial Nerves
- There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
- They innervate the periphery, emerging from the brain (not the spinal cord).
- They are numbered CN I to CN XII.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Functions outside of conscious awareness. (Maintains homeostasis).
- Regulates body temperature.
- Coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and reproductive functions.
- Includes somatic vs autonomic branches.
- There is sympathetic vs parasympathetic differences.
- Organs have dual innervation (both SNS and PSNS).
SNS vs PSNS
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervate different areas.
General Comparison (Somatic vs. Autonomic)
- Somatic (single neuron), Autonomic (two neurons).
- Somatic only innervates skeletal muscles, Autonomic innervates smooth/cardiac muscle and glands.
- Somatic excitation only, Autonomic excitatory and inhibitory.
Vagus Nerve
- Major nerve of the PSNS.
- Involved in cardio-respiratory regulation (heart and lung function).
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Description
Explore the intricate anatomy of the brain, including its lobes, hemispheres, and critical structures such as the cerebellum and cranial nerves. This quiz covers essential concepts about brain function and connectivity. Test your knowledge of brain anatomy and its essential roles in human physiology.
