Nervous System II - Brain

Parts of the cerebrum: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.

Responsible for conscious control of skeletal muscles and higher-level functions.

Processes visual information.

Receives and interprets sensory information from the body (touch, pressure).

Processes auditory and olfactory (smell) information.

Coordinates complex motor patterns, and adjusts other motor centers in the brain and spinal cord

Relays and processes sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production.

Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord; controls many vital functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

A motor nerve responsible for controlling eye movements, specifically the superior oblique muscle which rotates the eye downwards and outwards.

Mixed nerve: sensory for the face, and motor for chewing. It has three branches: ophthalmic (sensory), maxillary (sensory), and mandibular (sensory and motor).

A motor nerve solely responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts (moves away from the midline) the eye.

A mixed nerve: sensory for taste receptors on the tongue, and motor for controlling facial expressions.

A sensory nerve responsible for hearing and maintaining balance.

The internal carotid artery is the primary blood supplier to the brain.

The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries, ensuring blood flow even if one artery is blocked.

The posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the occipital lobe of the brain, which is responsible for vision.

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which means 24 individual nerves.

Cranial nerves control various functions in the head and neck, such as sensory input, motor control, and autonomic functions.

Cranial nerves are numbered I to XII, starting from the front of the brain.

The olfactory nerve, CN I, is responsible for our sense of smell.

The optic nerve, CN II, is responsible for our sense of sight.

Middle layer of meninges, smooth, does not follow sulci and gyri.

Space between arachnoid and pia mater filled with CSF, arteries, and veins.

Innermost layer directly attached to brain, follows sulci and gyri.

Fluid that cushions and transports nutrients/waste in CNS.

Structure that produces CSF.

Fluid-filled cavities in the brain.

Large ventricles in each cerebral hemisphere.

Passage connecting lateral and third ventricles.

Ventricle located in the midline of the brain

Channel connecting third and fourth ventricles.

Ventricles located below the aqueduct of midbrain.

Central canal is a channel inside the brainstem

CSF flows through ventricles and into the subarachnoid space and eventually to the superior sagittal sinus.

Specialized structures that absorb CSF.

A system that controls bodily functions outside of conscious awareness, like regulating heart rate, breathing, and digestion.

Two branches of the Autonomic Nervous System that often have opposing effects. Sympathetic prepares the body for action, while parasympathetic promotes rest and relaxation.

The Somatic Nervous System controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements, while the Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary processes like breathing and digestion.

A motor nerve that controls tongue movements, including swallowing, speech, and chewing.

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment (like temperature and blood sugar) despite external changes.

The tissues that respond to the signals from the ANS, including smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Special sensory receptors detect specific stimuli like light or sound, visceral sensory receptors detect changes within the body, and somatic sensory receptors detect external stimuli like touch.

Carries sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), also known as the 'fight or flight' system, is responsible for preparing the body for stress or danger.

The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), also known as the 'rest and digest' system, controls functions that conserve energy and promote relaxation.

The sympathetic nervous system primarily uses norepinephrine and epinephrine as neurotransmitters.

The parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter.

Dual innervation means that most organs receive signals from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Even though they often have opposing effects, SNS and PSNS work together to achieve homeostasis, maintaining a stable internal environment.

During sexual arousal, the parasympathetic nervous system triggers erection, and the sympathetic nervous system later triggers ejaculation.

The vagus nerve is the major nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system, influencing heart, lung, and digestive functions.

The adrenal medulla is a part of the adrenal gland that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream in response to stress.

The sympathetic trunk is a chain of ganglia that connect to the spinal cord; it plays a crucial role in coordinating the sympathetic response.