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Questions and Answers
What does a low BiSpectral Index (BIS) value indicate?
What does a low BiSpectral Index (BIS) value indicate?
BIS monitors utilize ECG signals from a few specifically placed electrodes.
BIS monitors utilize ECG signals from a few specifically placed electrodes.
False
What is the purpose of using BIS monitoring during general anesthesia?
What is the purpose of using BIS monitoring during general anesthesia?
To manage the depth of unconsciousness and prevent prolonged recovery.
Muscle relaxants block the action of __________ at the neuromuscular junction.
Muscle relaxants block the action of __________ at the neuromuscular junction.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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During which circumstance is it necessary to relax or paralyze a patient’s muscles?
During which circumstance is it necessary to relax or paralyze a patient’s muscles?
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Muscle relaxants are administered to increase muscle activity during surgeries.
Muscle relaxants are administered to increase muscle activity during surgeries.
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What risk can occur if muscle relaxants are administered in excess?
What risk can occur if muscle relaxants are administered in excess?
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The action of the __________ machine can cause muscle contractions in various areas of the body during surgery.
The action of the __________ machine can cause muscle contractions in various areas of the body during surgery.
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What does a BIS value of 100 indicate?
What does a BIS value of 100 indicate?
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What is the primary function of BIS monitors?
What is the primary function of BIS monitors?
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Delta waves are associated with high frequency brain activity during sleep.
Delta waves are associated with high frequency brain activity during sleep.
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What neurotransmitter is involved in the neuromuscular junction?
What neurotransmitter is involved in the neuromuscular junction?
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___ is a local anesthetic commonly used to block pain at the site of application.
___ is a local anesthetic commonly used to block pain at the site of application.
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Match the following waves with their associated state:
Match the following waves with their associated state:
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Which waves are characterized by their frequency of 15 to 40 Hz?
Which waves are characterized by their frequency of 15 to 40 Hz?
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Antagonists in the nervous system excite nerve responses.
Antagonists in the nervous system excite nerve responses.
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Name a drug that acts as an agonist affecting the nervous system.
Name a drug that acts as an agonist affecting the nervous system.
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The process of blocking pain and inducing unconsciousness with general anesthetics involves blocking ___.
The process of blocking pain and inducing unconsciousness with general anesthetics involves blocking ___.
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What can an absence of brain wave activity indicate?
What can an absence of brain wave activity indicate?
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Photosensitivity is a condition affecting all epilepsy patients.
Photosensitivity is a condition affecting all epilepsy patients.
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What device connects electrodes to read electrical activity in the brain?
What device connects electrodes to read electrical activity in the brain?
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Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to allow the muscle to ___.
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to allow the muscle to ___.
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What type of waves can indicate inattentiveness or daydreaming?
What type of waves can indicate inattentiveness or daydreaming?
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Match the following drug categories with their effects on the nervous system:
Match the following drug categories with their effects on the nervous system:
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- Nervous signal conduction through the body occurs in two primary ways: within nerve cells and between nerve cells.
- Within nerve cells, signals are transmitted through axons, long cell extensions.
- The signal is not simple electrical transmission but involves polarization and depolarization of the cell membrane, leading to a time lag or refractory period.
- Conduction speed within a neuron is slower than electrical signals in wires at 50-200 meters per second.
- Communication between nerve cells occurs through synapses.
- Some synapses simply pass signals, while others inhibit signal transmission.
- The neuromuscular junction is a connection between nerve axons and muscle cells that uses acetylcholine (Ach) as a neurotransmitter.
- Acetylcholinesterase breaks down Ach after transmission, enabling muscle relaxation.
Drugs affecting nervous system
- Agonists excite the nervous system, examples include caffeine, cocaine, ecstasy, and amphetamines.
- Antagonists inhibit the nervous system, examples include alcohol, valium, barbiturates, marijuana, heroin, and its derivatives.
- Some nerve gases like Sarin and pesticides like DDT and Parathion inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase, causing prolonged muscle spasms and painful death.
Anesthetics
- Local anesthetics block motor and sensory synapses at the application site, examples include procaine, xylocaine, and benzocaine.
- General anesthetics block ion channels in the nervous system, leading to pain blockage and unconsciousness.
- Nerve stimulators and BiSpectral index monitors are utilized to assess anesthetic effectiveness.
EEG Monitors and Machines
- Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a tool for diagnosing abnormalities within the brain.
- EEG provides real-time measures of brain electrical activity, offering insights that other methods can’t.
- EEG machines use electrodes placed on the scalp to record brain waves, which can indicate structural abnormalities, disease processes, and other neurological conditions.
- Brain wave signals are classified into different groups based on their characteristics.
- Alpha waves (9-14Hz, high amplitude) are seen during relaxed wakefulness.
- Beta waves (15-40Hz, lower amplitude but higher frequency) are seen during arousal, such as during conversation or activity.
- Theta waves (4-8Hz, variable amplitude) are associated with inattentive consciousness like daydreaming.
- Delta waves (1.5-4Hz, highest amplitude, lowest frequency) are dominant during sleep, indicating depth of unconsciousness during general anesthesia.
- Changes in EEG activity patterns can be induced by various stimuli like flashing lights or sounds, providing insights into brain abnormalities.
BIS Monitors
- BIS monitors are a special application of EEG technology used to evaluate the depth of unconsciousness.
- They are particularly useful during general anesthesia or when patients are kept in an induced coma.
- BIS values range from 0 (brain death) to 100 (full consciousness).
Muscle/Nerve Stimulators
- These devices are used to relax or paralyze a patient’s muscles in various clinical settings.
- They are useful during surgeries to prevent muscle contractions caused by electrocautery or to relax muscles during specific procedures.
- They also aid in ventilation by preventing the patient from fighting the ventilator if breathing muscles are active.
- Muscle relaxants block the action of acetylcholine (Ach) at the neuromuscular junction, reducing muscle activity.
- Nerve/muscle stimulators apply calibrated signals to a patient’s skin, causing muscle contractions proportional to the signal amplitude.
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of the nervous system, focusing on signal conduction within and between nerve cells. It explores the roles of neurotransmitters, synapses, and the effects of various drugs on nervous system activity. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of neuronal communication and the impact of substances like caffeine and cocaine.
