Nervous System: Neurons, Neuroglia and their functions
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Questions and Answers

Which structure filters sensory information and relays it to the appropriate regions of the cerebrum?

  • Medulla
  • Hypothalamus
  • Cerebellum
  • Thalamus (correct)

The pia mater is the outermost, toughest layer of the meninges, providing primary protection to the brain and spinal cord.

False (B)

What is the main function of the spinal cord?

communication link between the brain and the rest of the body

The ______ is the layer of the brain often referred to as gray matter.

<p>cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each brain lobe with its primary function:

<p>Frontal = Motor control, planning and coordinating behavior Parietal = Sensory processing, attention, and language Temporal = Auditory perception and speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function controlled by the brainstem?

<p>Conscious thought (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corpus callosum divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the meningeal layers contains web-like attachments to the innermost layer?

<p>Arachnoid mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the female reproductive system?

<p>To produce female egg cells and transport them to the site of fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clitoris in females is analogous to the prostate gland in males.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of functions performed by the nervous system?

<p>Sensory Function → Transmitting Information → Integration Function → Motor Function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schwann cells, which produce myelin, are found primarily in the central nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the outer serous layer of the uterus that helps keep everything in place?

<p>perimetrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two labia minora meet at the _______, a sensitive structure covered by the prepuce.

<p>clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interneurons within the nervous system?

<p>process information from sensory neurons and then send commands to other interneurons or motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon are known as the _______.

<p>node of ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the uterus with their primary function:

<p>Endometrium = Inner lining; prepares for implantation Myometrium = Muscular layer; contracts during labor Perimetrium = Outer layer; provides structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of neurons with their primary function:

<p>Sensory Neurons = Carry impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain. Motor Neurons = Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. Interneurons = Process information between sensory and motor neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, typically occur in the female reproductive system?

<p>Fallopian tubes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bartholin’s glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce fluid secretion.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuroglia is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Ependymal Cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons are the supportive cells of the nervous system, comprising approximately 40% of the brains bulk .

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterus is responsible for providing nutritional support and waste removal for the developing fetus?

<p>Endometrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of myelin sheath in relation to the axon of a neuron.

<p>insulates the axon allowing for faster transmission of electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Nervous System

The system composed of the brain and spinal cord that processes information and coordinates activity.

Brain Stem

The lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls automatic functions like heart rate and breathing.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain responsible for conscious activities, including perception, emotion, thought, and planning.

Meninges

The three protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord that cushion and nourish these organs.

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Thalamus

The part of the brain that acts as a switchboard, filtering and relaying sensory information to appropriate regions.

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Hypothalamus

A small region of the brain that regulates internal organs, hormones, sleep, and appetite.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum that is involved in higher brain function, including thought and action.

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Lobes of the Brain

The four distinct regions of the brain: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital, each with specific functions.

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Vulva

The external part of the female reproductive organs located between the legs.

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Labia Minora

Small inner lips surrounding the vaginal and urethral openings, sometimes up to 2 inches wide.

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Ovaries

The female reproductive organs that produce egg cells necessary for reproduction.

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Fallopian Tubes

Tubes that transport ova to the uterus and are the usual site for fertilization.

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Clitoris

A sensitive protrusion in females, comparable to the penis, which is covered by prepuce.

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Endometrium

The inner layer of the uterus that lines it and produces secretions essential for a developing fetus.

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Myometrium

The thick middle layer of the uterus made mostly of smooth muscle, important for childbirth.

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Perineum

The area between the vaginal opening and the anus, a muscular sheet that may tear during childbirth.

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Sensory Neurons

Neurons that carry impulses from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord.

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Motor Neurons

Neurons that carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

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Interneurons

Neurons that process information from sensory neurons and communicate with motor neurons.

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Neurons

Basic functional cell of the nervous system that transmits impulses.

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Dendrites

Parts of neurons that receive stimuli and carry impulses toward the cell body.

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Axon

A fiber that carries impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty layer that insulates axons and speeds up impulse transmission.

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Neuroglia

Supportive cells in the nervous system that assist and protect neurons.

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Study Notes

Nervous System

  • Gathers information from inside and outside the body (sensory function)
  • Transmits information to processing areas of the brain and spine
  • Processes information in the brain and spine (integration function)
  • Sends information to muscles, glands, and organs (motor function)

Cells of the Nervous System

  • Neurons: Basic functional cells of the nervous system; conducting cells. Receive stimuli, transmit impulses to other neurons or body organs (like muscles)
  • Neuroglia (glial cells): Supportive cells of the nervous system; form 40% of the brain's bulk

Parts of Neurons

  • Dendrites: Receive stimuli, carry impulses toward the cell body
  • Cell Body (with nucleus): Contains nucleus and most cytoplasm.
  • Axon: Fibre that carries impulses away from the cell body
  • Schwann Cells: Produce myelin (fatty layer) in the Peripheral Nervous System
  • Myelin Sheath: Dense lipid layer that insulates the axon; makes the axon look gray
  • Node of Ranvier: Gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath

Types of Neurons

  • Classified into three types based on impulse direction

Neuroglia (glial cells)

  • Astrocytes: Supply nutrients to neurons and maintain impulse transmission
  • Ependymal cells: Produce cerebrospinal fluid; bathe brain and spinal cord.
  • Microglial cells: Remove debris and bacteria from the central nervous system (CNS)
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS): Produce myelin sheath for axon insulation

Major Divisions of the Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Controls intelligence, sensory, and motor activities involving muscle tone, balance, and coordination. Includes brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Gathers information; sends information to, and receives information from, CNS; carries responses of CNS to the glands and muscles

Brain

  • The control center of the human body
  • Encased by the skull
  • Divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (according to position)

Forebrain

  • Controls body temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, and emotions

Midbrain

  • Associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep, wakefulness, alertness, and temperature regulation

Hindbrain

  • Coordinates functions fundamental to survival (respitory rhythm, motor activity, and wakefulness); includes the medulla oblongata and pons

.

The Cerebrum

  • Consists of two hemispheres separated by the corpus callosum
  • Contains cerebral cortex (gray matter), medullary body (white matter)
  • Basal ganglia are involved in controlling voluntary muscle movements
  • Divided into four lobes (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital) controlling different functions like movement, sensory processing, auditory processing, visual processing etc.

The Spinal Cord

  • A long, thin, tubular structure of nervous tissue extending from the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
  • Encloses the central canal (containing CSF)
  • Connects the brain to the rest of the body, allowing control of movements

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

  • A colorless fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain
  • Protects brain and spinal cord from trauma.
  • Supplies nutrients to nervous system tissue
  • Removes waste products from cerebral metabolism

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Description

Overview of the nervous system, including sensory, motor, and integration functions. Learn about neurons, the conducting cells, and neuroglia, the supportive cells. Also covers the different parts of a neuron i.e. dendrites, cell body and axon.

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