Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the central nervous system?
Which part of the autonomic motor division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
What type of muscle does the somatic motor division primarily innervate?
Which part of the brain is involved in regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Signup and view all the answers
How many neurons are involved in the autonomic motor division?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the brain influences reflexive motor learning in the somatic motor division?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the autonomic motor division is associated with a 'rest and digest' response?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do upper motor neurons descend from to control skeletal muscle in the somatic motor division?
Signup and view all the answers
What differentiates somatic motor neurons from postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division?
Signup and view all the answers
The autonomic motor division includes the somatic motor division that innervates skeletal muscle.
Signup and view all the answers
The autonomic motor division further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, regulated by the brain cortex.
Signup and view all the answers
Both autonomic and somatic motor divisions involve two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic in the autonomic division, and upper and lower somatic motor neurons in the somatic division.
Signup and view all the answers
The autonomic division releases neurotransmitter along typical axon terminals for coordinated effect.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary motor cortex controls the autonomic motor division with upper motor neurons descending to influence muscle relaxation.
Signup and view all the answers
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response.
Signup and view all the answers
The cerebellum is involved in regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Signup and view all the answers
Lower somatic motor neurons are only found in the autonomic motor division.
Signup and view all the answers
Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division release neurotransmitter along axon terminals for coordinated effect.
Signup and view all the answers
The sensory division of the central nervous system transmits information to the peripheral nervous system.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor division?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the parasympathetic division in the autonomic motor division?
Signup and view all the answers
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ in terms of their overall function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a distinguishing feature of denervation of involuntary effectors controlled by the autonomic division compared to the somatic motor division?
Signup and view all the answers
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions maintain involuntary effector activity under different circumstances?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes the autonomic motor division from the somatic motor division in terms of functional impact following nerve injury?
Signup and view all the answers
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor division primarily works during the fight or flight response.
Signup and view all the answers
The autonomic motor division functions involve regulating involuntary effectors in the body.
Signup and view all the answers
Denervation or spinal cord damage completely inhibits the function of involuntary effectors controlled by the autonomic division.
Signup and view all the answers
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have the same level of activity at all times.
Signup and view all the answers
The autonomic motor division has built-in pacemakers in organs like the kidneys to control involuntary functions.
Signup and view all the answers
The somatic motor division is more directly affected by denervation compared to the autonomic motor division.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of neurotransmitter does the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic division release?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter binds to adrenergic receptors on target tissues in the sympathetic division?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of norepinephrine binding to adrenergic receptors on target tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
In the sympathetic division, what does mass activation refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the release of epinephrine into the blood during the fight-or-flight response?
Signup and view all the answers
How do medications interfere with adrenergic responses within the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter.
Signup and view all the answers
The parasympathetic division controls the adrenal medulla and releases epinephrine into the bloodstream.
Signup and view all the answers
Medications that mimic neurotransmitter effects are known as antagonists.
Signup and view all the answers
Mass activation in the sympathetic division occurs due to the divergence of signals.
Signup and view all the answers
The parasympathetic division primarily exhibits excitatory effects on target tissues.
Signup and view all the answers
Unlike the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division does not have preganglionic neurons originating in ganglia.
Signup and view all the answers
The autonomic nervous system only consists of a sympathetic division and a parasympathetic division.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of response is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing excitatory responses in the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of neuron in the autonomic nervous system is known for being shorter and originating outside the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
In the parasympathetic division, why does acetylcholine bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system primarily triggers the 'fight or flight' response.
Signup and view all the answers
Postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division release norepinephrine as their primary neurotransmitter.
Signup and view all the answers
Stimulation of the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division causes inhibitory responses in target tissues.
Signup and view all the answers
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system relies on mass activation for its functions.
Signup and view all the answers
In the parasympathetic division, the postganglionic neuron is longer and originates in the spinal cord or brain.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used to describe organs that receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Signup and view all the answers
In a situation where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have antagonistic effects on an organ, what determines the organ's response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following tissues lacks dual innervation and only receives input from the sympathetic division?
Signup and view all the answers
What term is used to describe the process of increasing the firing rate of sympathetic neurons to regulate tissues without dual innervation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of an organ or tissue with dual innervation?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines whether an organ in the body responds to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling the release of epinephrine during a 'fight or flight' scenario?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does an increase in sympathetic tone have on tissues regulated solely by the sympathetic division?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscle type primarily controls hairs on the skin and is regulated solely by the sympathetic division?
Signup and view all the answers
'Antagonistic effects' between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions refer to their tendency to:
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
- Discussion on the nervous system has covered the central nervous system primarily focusing on the brain, as well as the sensory division detecting peripheral information and transmitting it to the central nervous system.
- The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information away from the central nervous system to effectors and is divided into somatic motor (innervating skeletal muscle) and autonomic motor (innervating cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands) divisions.
- The autonomic motor division further divides into sympathetic (fight or flight response) and parasympathetic (rest and digest response) divisions, regulated by the brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons), hypothalamus, and limbic system.
- The somatic motor division is controlled by the primary motor cortex with upper motor neurons descending to control skeletal muscle, influenced by basal nuclei for muscle relaxation and the cerebellum for reflexive motor learning.
- Both autonomic and somatic motor divisions involve neurons exiting the central nervous system, but the autonomic division has two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic) while the somatic division has a single neuron (lower somatic motor neuron).
- Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division release neurotransmitter along their axon length through varicosities for coordinated effect, unlike somatic motor neurons with typical axon terminals.
- Somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine to bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle for excitatory effect, leading to muscle contraction; damage to these neurons can result in flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy.
- Flaccid paralysis and atrophy do not occur in smooth muscle controlled by the autonomic division, highlighting differences in the impact of spinal cord or motor neuron damage between the autonomic and somatic motor divisions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the central and peripheral nervous system focusing on the motor divisions, including somatic motor innervating skeletal muscle and autonomic motor controlling cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. Learn about the differences in control mechanisms between the somatic and autonomic motor divisions.
