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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the central nervous system?
What is the primary focus of the central nervous system?
Which part of the autonomic motor division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which part of the autonomic motor division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
What type of muscle does the somatic motor division primarily innervate?
What type of muscle does the somatic motor division primarily innervate?
Which part of the brain is involved in regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Which part of the brain is involved in regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
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How many neurons are involved in the autonomic motor division?
How many neurons are involved in the autonomic motor division?
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What is the role of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division?
What is the role of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division?
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Which part of the brain influences reflexive motor learning in the somatic motor division?
Which part of the brain influences reflexive motor learning in the somatic motor division?
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Which part of the autonomic motor division is associated with a 'rest and digest' response?
Which part of the autonomic motor division is associated with a 'rest and digest' response?
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Where do upper motor neurons descend from to control skeletal muscle in the somatic motor division?
Where do upper motor neurons descend from to control skeletal muscle in the somatic motor division?
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What differentiates somatic motor neurons from postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division?
What differentiates somatic motor neurons from postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division?
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The autonomic motor division includes the somatic motor division that innervates skeletal muscle.
The autonomic motor division includes the somatic motor division that innervates skeletal muscle.
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The autonomic motor division further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, regulated by the brain cortex.
The autonomic motor division further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, regulated by the brain cortex.
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Both autonomic and somatic motor divisions involve two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic in the autonomic division, and upper and lower somatic motor neurons in the somatic division.
Both autonomic and somatic motor divisions involve two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic in the autonomic division, and upper and lower somatic motor neurons in the somatic division.
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The autonomic division releases neurotransmitter along typical axon terminals for coordinated effect.
The autonomic division releases neurotransmitter along typical axon terminals for coordinated effect.
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The primary motor cortex controls the autonomic motor division with upper motor neurons descending to influence muscle relaxation.
The primary motor cortex controls the autonomic motor division with upper motor neurons descending to influence muscle relaxation.
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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response.
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response.
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The cerebellum is involved in regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
The cerebellum is involved in regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
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Lower somatic motor neurons are only found in the autonomic motor division.
Lower somatic motor neurons are only found in the autonomic motor division.
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Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division release neurotransmitter along axon terminals for coordinated effect.
Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division release neurotransmitter along axon terminals for coordinated effect.
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The sensory division of the central nervous system transmits information to the peripheral nervous system.
The sensory division of the central nervous system transmits information to the peripheral nervous system.
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What is the main function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor division?
What is the main function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor division?
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What is the primary role of the parasympathetic division in the autonomic motor division?
What is the primary role of the parasympathetic division in the autonomic motor division?
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How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ in terms of their overall function?
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ in terms of their overall function?
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What is a distinguishing feature of denervation of involuntary effectors controlled by the autonomic division compared to the somatic motor division?
What is a distinguishing feature of denervation of involuntary effectors controlled by the autonomic division compared to the somatic motor division?
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How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions maintain involuntary effector activity under different circumstances?
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions maintain involuntary effector activity under different circumstances?
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What distinguishes the autonomic motor division from the somatic motor division in terms of functional impact following nerve injury?
What distinguishes the autonomic motor division from the somatic motor division in terms of functional impact following nerve injury?
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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor division primarily works during the fight or flight response.
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor division primarily works during the fight or flight response.
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The autonomic motor division functions involve regulating involuntary effectors in the body.
The autonomic motor division functions involve regulating involuntary effectors in the body.
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Denervation or spinal cord damage completely inhibits the function of involuntary effectors controlled by the autonomic division.
Denervation or spinal cord damage completely inhibits the function of involuntary effectors controlled by the autonomic division.
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Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have the same level of activity at all times.
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have the same level of activity at all times.
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The autonomic motor division has built-in pacemakers in organs like the kidneys to control involuntary functions.
The autonomic motor division has built-in pacemakers in organs like the kidneys to control involuntary functions.
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The somatic motor division is more directly affected by denervation compared to the autonomic motor division.
The somatic motor division is more directly affected by denervation compared to the autonomic motor division.
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What type of neurotransmitter does the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic division release?
What type of neurotransmitter does the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic division release?
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Which neurotransmitter binds to adrenergic receptors on target tissues in the sympathetic division?
Which neurotransmitter binds to adrenergic receptors on target tissues in the sympathetic division?
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What is the primary effect of norepinephrine binding to adrenergic receptors on target tissues?
What is the primary effect of norepinephrine binding to adrenergic receptors on target tissues?
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In the sympathetic division, what does mass activation refer to?
In the sympathetic division, what does mass activation refer to?
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the release of epinephrine into the blood during the fight-or-flight response?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the release of epinephrine into the blood during the fight-or-flight response?
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How do medications interfere with adrenergic responses within the autonomic nervous system?
How do medications interfere with adrenergic responses within the autonomic nervous system?
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Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter.
Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter.
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The parasympathetic division controls the adrenal medulla and releases epinephrine into the bloodstream.
The parasympathetic division controls the adrenal medulla and releases epinephrine into the bloodstream.
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Medications that mimic neurotransmitter effects are known as antagonists.
Medications that mimic neurotransmitter effects are known as antagonists.
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Mass activation in the sympathetic division occurs due to the divergence of signals.
Mass activation in the sympathetic division occurs due to the divergence of signals.
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The parasympathetic division primarily exhibits excitatory effects on target tissues.
The parasympathetic division primarily exhibits excitatory effects on target tissues.
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Unlike the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division does not have preganglionic neurons originating in ganglia.
Unlike the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division does not have preganglionic neurons originating in ganglia.
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The autonomic nervous system only consists of a sympathetic division and a parasympathetic division.
The autonomic nervous system only consists of a sympathetic division and a parasympathetic division.
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What type of response is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
What type of response is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing excitatory responses in the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing excitatory responses in the autonomic nervous system?
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Where does the postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate?
Where does the postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate?
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Which type of neuron in the autonomic nervous system is known for being shorter and originating outside the central nervous system?
Which type of neuron in the autonomic nervous system is known for being shorter and originating outside the central nervous system?
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In the parasympathetic division, why does acetylcholine bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
In the parasympathetic division, why does acetylcholine bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system primarily triggers the 'fight or flight' response.
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system primarily triggers the 'fight or flight' response.
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Postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division release norepinephrine as their primary neurotransmitter.
Postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division release norepinephrine as their primary neurotransmitter.
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Stimulation of the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division causes inhibitory responses in target tissues.
Stimulation of the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division causes inhibitory responses in target tissues.
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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system relies on mass activation for its functions.
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system relies on mass activation for its functions.
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In the parasympathetic division, the postganglionic neuron is longer and originates in the spinal cord or brain.
In the parasympathetic division, the postganglionic neuron is longer and originates in the spinal cord or brain.
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What is the term used to describe organs that receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
What is the term used to describe organs that receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
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In a situation where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have antagonistic effects on an organ, what determines the organ's response?
In a situation where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have antagonistic effects on an organ, what determines the organ's response?
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Which of the following tissues lacks dual innervation and only receives input from the sympathetic division?
Which of the following tissues lacks dual innervation and only receives input from the sympathetic division?
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What term is used to describe the process of increasing the firing rate of sympathetic neurons to regulate tissues without dual innervation?
What term is used to describe the process of increasing the firing rate of sympathetic neurons to regulate tissues without dual innervation?
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Which of the following is an example of an organ or tissue with dual innervation?
Which of the following is an example of an organ or tissue with dual innervation?
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What determines whether an organ in the body responds to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division?
What determines whether an organ in the body responds to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division?
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Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling the release of epinephrine during a 'fight or flight' scenario?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling the release of epinephrine during a 'fight or flight' scenario?
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What effect does an increase in sympathetic tone have on tissues regulated solely by the sympathetic division?
What effect does an increase in sympathetic tone have on tissues regulated solely by the sympathetic division?
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Which muscle type primarily controls hairs on the skin and is regulated solely by the sympathetic division?
Which muscle type primarily controls hairs on the skin and is regulated solely by the sympathetic division?
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'Antagonistic effects' between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions refer to their tendency to:
'Antagonistic effects' between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions refer to their tendency to:
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Study Notes
- Discussion on the nervous system has covered the central nervous system primarily focusing on the brain, as well as the sensory division detecting peripheral information and transmitting it to the central nervous system.
- The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information away from the central nervous system to effectors and is divided into somatic motor (innervating skeletal muscle) and autonomic motor (innervating cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands) divisions.
- The autonomic motor division further divides into sympathetic (fight or flight response) and parasympathetic (rest and digest response) divisions, regulated by the brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons), hypothalamus, and limbic system.
- The somatic motor division is controlled by the primary motor cortex with upper motor neurons descending to control skeletal muscle, influenced by basal nuclei for muscle relaxation and the cerebellum for reflexive motor learning.
- Both autonomic and somatic motor divisions involve neurons exiting the central nervous system, but the autonomic division has two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic) while the somatic division has a single neuron (lower somatic motor neuron).
- Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division release neurotransmitter along their axon length through varicosities for coordinated effect, unlike somatic motor neurons with typical axon terminals.
- Somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine to bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle for excitatory effect, leading to muscle contraction; damage to these neurons can result in flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy.
- Flaccid paralysis and atrophy do not occur in smooth muscle controlled by the autonomic division, highlighting differences in the impact of spinal cord or motor neuron damage between the autonomic and somatic motor divisions.
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Description
Explore the central and peripheral nervous system focusing on the motor divisions, including somatic motor innervating skeletal muscle and autonomic motor controlling cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. Learn about the differences in control mechanisms between the somatic and autonomic motor divisions.
