Efferent Division -Autonomic and Motor
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the central nervous system?

  • Brain (correct)
  • Autonomic division
  • Motor division
  • Sensory division

Which part of the autonomic motor division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

  • Parasympathetic division
  • Sympathetic division (correct)
  • Brain stem
  • Pons

What type of muscle does the somatic motor division primarily innervate?

  • Glands
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Skeletal muscle (correct)
  • Smooth muscle

Which part of the brain is involved in regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many neurons are involved in the autonomic motor division?

<p>Two neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division?

<p>Releasing neurotransmitter along their axon length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain influences reflexive motor learning in the somatic motor division?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the autonomic motor division is associated with a 'rest and digest' response?

<p>Parasympathetic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do upper motor neurons descend from to control skeletal muscle in the somatic motor division?

<p>Primary motor cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates somatic motor neurons from postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division?

<p>Release of neurotransmitter along axon length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic motor division includes the somatic motor division that innervates skeletal muscle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic motor division further divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, regulated by the brain cortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both autonomic and somatic motor divisions involve two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic in the autonomic division, and upper and lower somatic motor neurons in the somatic division.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic division releases neurotransmitter along typical axon terminals for coordinated effect.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary motor cortex controls the autonomic motor division with upper motor neurons descending to influence muscle relaxation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor division is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is involved in regulating both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lower somatic motor neurons are only found in the autonomic motor division.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division release neurotransmitter along axon terminals for coordinated effect.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sensory division of the central nervous system transmits information to the peripheral nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor division?

<p>Increasing blood glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the parasympathetic division in the autonomic motor division?

<p>Promoting digestive functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions differ in terms of their overall function?

<p>One increases heart rate while the other decreases it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of denervation of involuntary effectors controlled by the autonomic division compared to the somatic motor division?

<p>Presence of built-in pacemakers in organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions maintain involuntary effector activity under different circumstances?

<p>By having varying firing rates based on external stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the autonomic motor division from the somatic motor division in terms of functional impact following nerve injury?

<p>Presence of intrinsic pacemaker-like mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic motor division primarily works during the fight or flight response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic motor division functions involve regulating involuntary effectors in the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Denervation or spinal cord damage completely inhibits the function of involuntary effectors controlled by the autonomic division.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have the same level of activity at all times.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic motor division has built-in pacemakers in organs like the kidneys to control involuntary functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The somatic motor division is more directly affected by denervation compared to the autonomic motor division.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurotransmitter does the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic division release?

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter binds to adrenergic receptors on target tissues in the sympathetic division?

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of norepinephrine binding to adrenergic receptors on target tissues?

<p>Inhibitory effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sympathetic division, what does mass activation refer to?

<p>Activation of multiple postganglionic neurons simultaneously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the release of epinephrine into the blood during the fight-or-flight response?

<p>Sympathetic division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do medications interfere with adrenergic responses within the autonomic nervous system?

<p>By acting as antagonists or agonists on specific receptor subtypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic division controls the adrenal medulla and releases epinephrine into the bloodstream.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Medications that mimic neurotransmitter effects are known as antagonists.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mass activation in the sympathetic division occurs due to the divergence of signals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic division primarily exhibits excitatory effects on target tissues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division does not have preganglionic neurons originating in ganglia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic nervous system only consists of a sympathetic division and a parasympathetic division.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Rest and digest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing excitatory responses in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate?

<p>Peripheral nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron in the autonomic nervous system is known for being shorter and originating outside the central nervous system?

<p>Postganglionic neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the parasympathetic division, why does acetylcholine bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?

<p>To cause excitatory responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system primarily triggers the 'fight or flight' response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division release norepinephrine as their primary neurotransmitter.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stimulation of the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division causes inhibitory responses in target tissues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system relies on mass activation for its functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the parasympathetic division, the postganglionic neuron is longer and originates in the spinal cord or brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe organs that receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

<p>Dual innervated organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a situation where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have antagonistic effects on an organ, what determines the organ's response?

<p>The division with the higher firing rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues lacks dual innervation and only receives input from the sympathetic division?

<p>Adrenal medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the process of increasing the firing rate of sympathetic neurons to regulate tissues without dual innervation?

<p>Sympathetic tone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an organ or tissue with dual innervation?

<p>Heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether an organ in the body responds to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division?

<p>The neurotransmitter type released (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling the release of epinephrine during a 'fight or flight' scenario?

<p>Sympathetic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in sympathetic tone have on tissues regulated solely by the sympathetic division?

<p>Increase in firing rate of sympathetic neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type primarily controls hairs on the skin and is regulated solely by the sympathetic division?

<p>Arrector pili muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Antagonistic effects' between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions refer to their tendency to:

<p>'Fight each other' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • Discussion on the nervous system has covered the central nervous system primarily focusing on the brain, as well as the sensory division detecting peripheral information and transmitting it to the central nervous system.
  • The motor division of the peripheral nervous system sends information away from the central nervous system to effectors and is divided into somatic motor (innervating skeletal muscle) and autonomic motor (innervating cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands) divisions.
  • The autonomic motor division further divides into sympathetic (fight or flight response) and parasympathetic (rest and digest response) divisions, regulated by the brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons), hypothalamus, and limbic system.
  • The somatic motor division is controlled by the primary motor cortex with upper motor neurons descending to control skeletal muscle, influenced by basal nuclei for muscle relaxation and the cerebellum for reflexive motor learning.
  • Both autonomic and somatic motor divisions involve neurons exiting the central nervous system, but the autonomic division has two neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic) while the somatic division has a single neuron (lower somatic motor neuron).
  • Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division release neurotransmitter along their axon length through varicosities for coordinated effect, unlike somatic motor neurons with typical axon terminals.
  • Somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine to bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle for excitatory effect, leading to muscle contraction; damage to these neurons can result in flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy.
  • Flaccid paralysis and atrophy do not occur in smooth muscle controlled by the autonomic division, highlighting differences in the impact of spinal cord or motor neuron damage between the autonomic and somatic motor divisions.

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Description

Explore the central and peripheral nervous system focusing on the motor divisions, including somatic motor innervating skeletal muscle and autonomic motor controlling cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. Learn about the differences in control mechanisms between the somatic and autonomic motor divisions.

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