Podcast
Questions and Answers
What part of the neuron contains the nucleus and mitochondria?
What part of the neuron contains the nucleus and mitochondria?
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Which of the following describes saltatory conduction?
Which of the following describes saltatory conduction?
What are spinal nerves responsible for?
What are spinal nerves responsible for?
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Which section of the brain is involved in regulating breathing?
Which section of the brain is involved in regulating breathing?
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What is the role of neuroglia?
What is the role of neuroglia?
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What do nodes of Ranvier refer to?
What do nodes of Ranvier refer to?
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Which branch of the nervous system controls involuntary body functions?
Which branch of the nervous system controls involuntary body functions?
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What is the term for the re-establishment of a polarized state in a cell after depolarization?
What is the term for the re-establishment of a polarized state in a cell after depolarization?
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Which type of reflexes are transmitted to skeletal muscle?
Which type of reflexes are transmitted to skeletal muscle?
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What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?
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What is the significance of the refractory period in nerve impulse transmission?
What is the significance of the refractory period in nerve impulse transmission?
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Which component of the brain serves as a relay station for sensory and motor impulses?
Which component of the brain serves as a relay station for sensory and motor impulses?
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What is the primary function of the primary somatic sensory cortex?
What is the primary function of the primary somatic sensory cortex?
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In which part of the brain is the cerebellum located?
In which part of the brain is the cerebellum located?
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What type of conduction occurs when an action potential rapidly skips from node to node along a myelinated neuron?
What type of conduction occurs when an action potential rapidly skips from node to node along a myelinated neuron?
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What does the medulla oblongata regulate?
What does the medulla oblongata regulate?
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What is the function of cranial nerves?
What is the function of cranial nerves?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Components
- Cell body: Contains the nucleus and mitochondria of a neuron.
- Myelin sheath: Fatty insulation around axon fibers.
- Nodes of Ranvier: Uninsulated gaps in the myelin sheath.
- Epineurium: Tough outer covering of a nerve.
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
- Autonomic Nervous System: Controls internal organs (e.g., cardiac muscles).
- Neurilemma: External covering of a Schwann cell.
- Synapse: Junction between neurons, muscles or glands.
- Saltatory conduction: Rapid transmission of nerve impulses along myelinated axons.
- Conductivity: Ability of a neuron to transmit nerve impulses.
- Nerve impulse: Electrical signal travelling along a nerve fiber.
- Reflexes: Simple, rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli.
- Pons: Brain part involved in breathing regulation.
- Meninges: Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates body movements, including balance.
- Fissures: Deep grooves in the brain.
- Cerebrum: Largest brain part, with left and right hemispheres.
- Plexuses: Complex interconnections of nerves.
- Spinal nerves: Transmitters branching from the spinal cord.
- Afferent nerves: Sensory nerves carrying impulses to the CNS.
- Efferent nerves: Motor nerves carrying impulses from the CNS.
Nervous System Functions and Processes
- Repolarization: Restoration of a polarized state after depolarization.
- Polarization: When the inside of a cell is negatively charged relative to the outside.
- Refractory period: Time between action potential and repolarization.
- Somatic reflexes: Involuntary stimuli to skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic reflexes: Involuntary stimuli to cardiac and smooth muscles.
- Depolarization: A cell membrane becoming more positively charged inside compared to outside.
- Action Potential: Electrical signal travelling along a nerve fiber.
- Saltatory conduction: Rapid transmission of nerve impulses jumping between nodes of Ranvier.
Brain Structure and Function
- Cerebellum: Coordinates body movements and balance.
- Cerebrum: Largest part of the brain, with two hemispheres.
- Diencephalon: Region including epithalamus, thalamus, metathalamus, and hypothalamus.
- Epithalamus: Uppermost part of diencephalon; regulates sleep-cycle hormones.
- Fissures: Deep grooves in the brain.
- Frontal lobes: Located behind the forehead.
- Hypothalamus: Regulates metabolism, heart rate, and blood pressure.
- Lobes: Four regions of the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal).
- Medulla Oblongata: Lower brain stem; controls reflexes, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
- Meninges: Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
- Midbrain: Relay station for sensory and motor impulses.
- Occipital lobes: Located behind the parietal lobes; process visual input.
- Parietal lobes: Behind the frontal lobes; processes sensory input from skin, internal organs, muscles and joints.
- Pons: Part of the brain stem involved in breathing.
- Primary Motor Cortex: Sends signals to skeletal muscles.
- Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex: Processes sensory input from body.
- Spinal cord: Nerve tissue extending from the brain stem.
- Temporal lobes: Inferior portions of the brain; responsible for speech, hearing, vision, memory, and emotion.
- Thalamus: Relays sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Cranial nerves: 12 pairs of nerves originating in the brain.
- Craniosacral division: Parasympathetic nervous system; nerves from brain stem or sacral spinal cord.
- Dorsal ramus: Posterior division of spinal nerves, controlling posterior trunk muscles and skin.
- Endoneurium: Connective tissue surrounding each nerve fiber.
- Epineurium: Tough outer covering of a nerve.
- Ganglion: Mass of nervous tissue in the PNS, primarily neurons.
- Norepinephrine: Neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system.
- Paravertebral ganglia: Ganglia near the spinal cord.
- Perineurium: Protective sheath surrounding nerve fiber bundles.
- Plexuses: Complex interconnected nerves.
- Postganglionic neuron: Second neuron in a series transmitting impulses from CNS.
- Preganglionic neuron: First neuron in a series transmitting impulses from CNS.
- Spinal nerves: Transmit impulses branching from the spinal cord.
- Thoracolumbar division: Sympathetic system of nerves in thoracic and lumbar regions.
- Ventral ramus: Anterior division of spinal nerves, communicating with muscles and skin of anterior and lateral trunk.
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Description
Explore the fundamental components of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about structures like the neuron, myelin sheath, and central nervous system. Test your knowledge on functions and components essential for understanding human biology.
