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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of nervous tissue as mentioned in the text?

  • Receive and transmit stimuli, integrate and associate information (correct)
  • Produce and release neurotransmitters, regulate body temperature
  • Receive and process information, generate and store energy
  • Transport nutrients, produce hormones

    • What are the specific properties of nervous tissue mentioned in the text?

  • Stability and resilience
  • Permeability and elasticity
  • Flexibility and adaptability
  • Irritability and conductivity (correct)

    • What is the ectodermal origin of nervous tissue mentioned in the text?

  • Ectoderm
  • Neuroectoderm or neuroepithelium (correct)
  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm

    • What is the main composition of nervous tissue as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Neurons and neuroglial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the chemical synapse contains neurotransmitters within vesicles?

    <p>Presynaptic part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space between the pre- and post- synaptic membranes called?

    <p>Synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion channels are opened at excitatory synapses?

    <p>Sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the fusion of the synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane?

    <p>Elevation of cytoplasmic calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron transmits the nerve impulse and contains the synaptic button?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active site of the synapse, where the synaptic vesicles empty their contents by exocytosis?

    <p>Focal thickenings of the protein layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the space between the pre- and post- synaptic membranes occupied by?

    <p>Glycosaminoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron contains receptors for neurotransmitters?

    <p>Postsynaptic part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurotransmitters are directly related to ion channels?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurotransmitters activate a second messenger and are related to G proteins or receptor kinases?

    <p>Neuromodulators and Neurohormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of the synapse?

    <p>Arrival of an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stops synaptic activity?

    <p>Enzymes degrade neurotransmitter molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sensory neurons?

    <p>Receive input and conduct impulses to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons?

    <p>Establish networks between sensory and motoneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a nerve fiber?

    <p>Cell sheath and myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the cell sheath in the CNS?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myelin?

    <p>Electrical isolation and increases the speed of conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are electrical synapses found?

    <p>In the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted between cells called?

    <p>Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemical synapses?

    <p>Involvement of neurotransmitters in transmitting nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the myelin sheath in the PNS?

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of motoneurons?

    <p>Conduct impulses to muscles, glands, and other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of unmyelinated nerve fibers?

    <p>Conduct impulses with only a cell sheath, formed by Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of myelinated nerve fibers?

    <p>Cell sheath and myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons outnumber neuroglial cells in the nervous tissue of vertebrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nervous tissue has an endodermal origin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific properties of nervous tissue are irritability and conductivity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the CNS, while Schwann cells form it in the PNS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelin is responsible for decreasing the speed of conduction in nerve fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interneurons conduct impulses to muscles, glands, and other neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are composed of the soma, dendrites, and axon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soma is responsible for producing structural proteins, membrane proteins, and enzymes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axonal transport can only be anterograde, and does not involve retrograde movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical synapses can only be interneuronal and never neuroeffector.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synaptic cleft is between 12 and 30 nm wide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters activate a second messenger and are related to G proteins or receptor kinases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presynaptic part contains neurotransmitters within vesicles, which are released into the space between the two cells called the synaptic cleft.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At inhibitory synapses, the permeability for potassium and chloride ions increases, leading to depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synaptic activity stops when enzymes degrade neurotransmitter molecules in the membrane of the postsynaptic element.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroglial cells outnumber neurons in the nervous tissue of vertebrates.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nervous tissue has an endodermal origin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific properties of nervous tissue are irritability and conductivity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurosecretory neurons release neurotransmitters at synapses

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axonal transport can only be anterograde, and does not involve retrograde movement

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soma is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the PNS, while Schwann cells form it in the CNS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synaptic activity stops when enzymes degrade neurotransmitter molecules in the membrane of the postsynaptic element.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At inhibitory synapses, the permeability for potassium and chloride ions increases, leading to depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical synapses are always excitatory in nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presynaptic part contains neurotransmitters within vesicles, which are released into the space between the two cells called the synaptic cleft.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The postsynaptic part contains receptors for neurotransmitters.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synaptic cleft is the space between the pre- and post- synaptic membranes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synaptic activity stops when degradation products of neurotransmitter molecules are collected by the presynaptic element for synthesis of the new neurotransmitters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The space between the pre- and post- synaptic membranes is occupied by glycosaminoglycans that are PAS-positive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons outnumber ______ cells in the nervous tissue of vertebrates.

    <p>neuroglial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific properties of nervous tissue are irritability and ______.

    <p>conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nervous tissue has an ectodermal origin, specifically the neuroectoderm or ______.

    <p>neuroepithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific properties of nervous tissue are ______ and conductivity.

    <p>irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are about 50 times more ______ cells than neurons in the nervous tissue of vertebrates.

    <p>neuroglial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons outnumber ______ cells in the nervous tissue of vertebrates

    <p>neuroglial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The space between the pre- and post- synaptic membranes is occupied by ______ that are PAS-positive

    <p>glycosaminoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters activate a second messenger and are related to G proteins or ______ kinases

    <p>receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific properties of nervous tissue are irritability and ______

    <p>conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oligodendrocytes form the cell sheath in the CNS, while Schwann cells form it in the ______

    <p>PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are classified based on their ______, with conduction neurons being the majority and having different distributions like unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar

    <p>function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soma is responsible for producing structural proteins, membrane proteins, and enzymes, and contains Nissl bodies, SER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, and cytoskeletal ______

    <p>filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendrites increase the neuron's surface area and receive ______, while the axon contains axolemma, axoplasm, SER, mitochondria, vesicles with neurotransmitters, neurosecretory granules, lysosomes, and an ordered cytoskeleton

    <p>synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axonal transport can be anterograde or ______, facilitating the spread of organoids, vesicles, macromolecules, and proteins

    <p>retrograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurosecretory neurons are specialized in secreting substances and transporting them along the axon for release into the ______

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical synapses have three parts: (1) the presynaptic part (2) the central part or synaptic cleft, and (3) the ______ part

    <p>postsynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the ______ cell membrane, receptors that open ion channels

    <p>postsynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cytoplasm of the synaptic button, there are mitochondria, a few elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, actin microfilaments, and many ______ located next to the plasma membrane

    <p>vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The space between the pre- and post-synaptic membranes is called the ______

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At excitatory synapses, there is a simultaneous increase in permeability for sodium and potassium ions and this leads to ______ of the postsynaptic membrane

    <p>depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurons and Nerve Fibers

    • Neurons can be sensory (afferent), interneurons, or motoneurons (efferent)
    • Sensory neurons receive input and conduct impulses to the CNS
    • Interneurons establish networks between sensory and motoneurons
    • Motoneurons conduct impulses to muscles, glands, and other neurons
    • Nerve fiber consists of the axon and its sheaths
    • Myelinated nerve fibers have cell sheath and myelin sheath
    • Oligodendrocytes form the cell sheath in the CNS, while Schwann cells form it in the PNS
    • Unmyelinated nerve fibers only have a cell sheath, formed by Schwann cells
    • Myelin is a lipoprotein substance formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
    • Myelin is responsible for electrical isolation and increases the speed of conduction
    • Synapse is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted between cells
    • There are electrical and chemical synapses, with neurotransmitters involved in chemical synapses

    Neuron Components and Function: A Detailed Overview

    • Nervous tissue comprises nervous cells (neurons and neuroglial cells) and neuropil.
    • The neuron consists of the soma (neuronal body) and neuronal processes (dendrites and axon).
    • The soma is polygonal and ranges in size from 4 to 135 µm, with a prominent nucleolus, dispersed chromatin, and various organelles for protein synthesis and secretion.
    • The soma contains Nissl bodies (chromatophilic substance), SER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, cytoskeletal filaments, and inclusions like lipofuscin, melanin, and secretion granules.
    • Dendrites increase the neuron's surface area and receive synapses, while the axon is a single, long, thin, and smooth prolongation with different segments.
    • The axon contains axolemma, axoplasm, SER, mitochondria, vesicles with neurotransmitters, neurosecretory granules, lysosomes, and an ordered cytoskeleton.
    • Axonal transport can be anterograde or retrograde, facilitating the spread of organoids, vesicles, macromolecules, and proteins.
    • Neurons are classified based on their function, with conduction neurons being the majority and having different distributions like unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar.
    • Neurosecretory neurons are specialized in secreting substances and transporting them along the axon for release into the blood.
    • Conduction neurons release neurotransmitters at synapses, while neurosecretory neurons release substances into the blood in neurohemal organs.
    • Soma is responsible for producing structural proteins, membrane proteins, and enzymes, and contains Nissl bodies, SER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, and cytoskeletal filaments.
    • Dendrites increase the neuron's surface area and receive synapses, while axon contains axolemma, axoplasm, SER, mitochondria, vesicles with neurotransmitters, neurosecretory granules, lysosomes, and an ordered cytoskeleton.

    Neurons and Nerve Fibers

    • Neurons can be sensory (afferent), interneurons, or motoneurons (efferent)
    • Sensory neurons receive input and conduct impulses to the CNS
    • Interneurons establish networks between sensory and motoneurons
    • Motoneurons conduct impulses to muscles, glands, and other neurons
    • Nerve fiber consists of the axon and its sheaths
    • Myelinated nerve fibers have cell sheath and myelin sheath
    • Oligodendrocytes form the cell sheath in the CNS, while Schwann cells form it in the PNS
    • Unmyelinated nerve fibers only have a cell sheath, formed by Schwann cells
    • Myelin is a lipoprotein substance formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
    • Myelin is responsible for electrical isolation and increases the speed of conduction
    • Synapse is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted between cells
    • There are electrical and chemical synapses, with neurotransmitters involved in chemical synapses

    Neuron Components and Function: A Detailed Overview

    • Nervous tissue comprises nervous cells (neurons and neuroglial cells) and neuropil.
    • The neuron consists of the soma (neuronal body) and neuronal processes (dendrites and axon).
    • The soma is polygonal and ranges in size from 4 to 135 µm, with a prominent nucleolus, dispersed chromatin, and various organelles for protein synthesis and secretion.
    • The soma contains Nissl bodies (chromatophilic substance), SER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, cytoskeletal filaments, and inclusions like lipofuscin, melanin, and secretion granules.
    • Dendrites increase the neuron's surface area and receive synapses, while the axon is a single, long, thin, and smooth prolongation with different segments.
    • The axon contains axolemma, axoplasm, SER, mitochondria, vesicles with neurotransmitters, neurosecretory granules, lysosomes, and an ordered cytoskeleton.
    • Axonal transport can be anterograde or retrograde, facilitating the spread of organoids, vesicles, macromolecules, and proteins.
    • Neurons are classified based on their function, with conduction neurons being the majority and having different distributions like unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar.
    • Neurosecretory neurons are specialized in secreting substances and transporting them along the axon for release into the blood.
    • Conduction neurons release neurotransmitters at synapses, while neurosecretory neurons release substances into the blood in neurohemal organs.
    • Soma is responsible for producing structural proteins, membrane proteins, and enzymes, and contains Nissl bodies, SER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, and cytoskeletal filaments.
    • Dendrites increase the neuron's surface area and receive synapses, while axon contains axolemma, axoplasm, SER, mitochondria, vesicles with neurotransmitters, neurosecretory granules, lysosomes, and an ordered cytoskeleton.

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