Nervous System Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the central nervous system?

  • To integrate and interpret incoming sensory information and issue outgoing instructions (correct)
  • To carry impulses to and from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
  • To transmit information to and from the spinal cord
  • To serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain, and spinal cord

    • Which type of nerve fibers carry information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints?

  • Somatic sensory fibers (correct)
  • Visceral sensory fibers
  • Motor fibers
  • Sympathetic fibers

    • What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for controlling?

  • Smooth and cardiac muscles and glands (correct)
  • Sensory organs and the spinal cord
  • The brain and spinal cord
  • Skeletal muscles and glands

    • What is the main difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>The somatic nervous system is voluntary, while the autonomic nervous system is involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peripheral nerves?

    <p>To carry impulses to and from the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cranial nerves responsible for?

    <p>Carrying impulses to and from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the spinal nerves?

    <p>To carry impulses to and from the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerve fibers?

    <p>Afferent nerve fibers transmit information to the central nervous system, while efferent nerve fibers transmit information away from the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of visceral sensory fibers?

    <p>To transmit information from visceral organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two subdivisions of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the primary motor area?

    <p>To send impulses to skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the cerebrum composed mostly of neuron cell bodies?

    <p>Gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Broca's area?

    <p>To facilitate our ability to speak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the motor homunculus?

    <p>A spatial map of the motor system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is responsible for processing auditory information?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus callosum?

    <p>To connect the two hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the islands of gray matter buried within the white matter?

    <p>Basal nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fiber tracts deep to the gray matter?

    <p>White matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain sits on top of the brain stem?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the thalamus?

    <p>Relay station for sensory impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the diencephalon is an important autonomic nervous system center?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the choroid plexus in the epithalamus?

    <p>Forming cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the diencephalon surrounds the third ventricle?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus in terms of metabolism?

    <p>Regulation of metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the diencephalon houses the pineal body, an endocrine gland?

    <p>Epithalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diencephalon composed of?

    <p>Three parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of conduction in the spinal cord?

    <p>Two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is surrounded by the endoneurium in a nerve?

    <p>Each fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord?

    <p>Cauda equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the arachnoid villi?

    <p>To absorb CSF into the dural venous sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can pass through the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that binds groups of fibers into fascicles?

    <p>Perineurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bundle of neuron fibers outside the central nervous system?

    <p>Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?

    <p>31 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves carry impulses toward the CNS?

    <p>Sensory (afferent) nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of motor nerves?

    <p>To transmit impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mnemonic device used to remember the cranial nerves?

    <p>Oh Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is the only cranial nerve that extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves are formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord?

    <p>Spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves are sensory only?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Structural Classification of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system is divided into two main parts: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
    • CNS consists of brain and spinal cord, while PNS consists of nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord.

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • The brain is the command center of the nervous system, responsible for integration, interpretation, and issuing instructions.
    • The spinal cord extends from the brain and serves as a two-way communication pathway to and from the brain.
    • Functions of the CNS include integration, command center, and interpretation of sensory information.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • PNS is divided into sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division.
    • Sensory (afferent) division carries information to the CNS, while motor (efferent) division carries impulses away from the CNS.
    • Sensory division is further divided into somatic sensory fibers and visceral sensory fibers.
    • Motor (efferent) division is further divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

    Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System

    • Somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
    • Autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
    • Autonomic nervous system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

    Regions of the Brain

    • Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, responsible for processing sensory information and controlling voluntary movements.
    • Cerebral areas involved in special senses include visual, auditory, and olfactory areas.
    • Primary motor area is located in the frontal lobe and sends impulses to skeletal muscles.
    • Broca's area is involved in speech and is usually located in the left hemisphere.
    • Gray matter is the outer layer of the cerebral cortex, composed of neuron cell bodies.
    • White matter is the inner layer of the cerebral cortex, composed of fiber tracts.
    • Corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
    • Basal nuclei are islands of gray matter buried within the white matter.

    Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon

    • Diencephalon is the region of the brain that sits on top of the brain stem, enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres.
    • Thalamus is the relay station for sensory impulses, transferring them to the correct part of the cortex.
    • Hypothalamus is an important autonomic nervous system center, regulating body temperature, water balance, and metabolism.
    • Epithalamus forms the roof of the third ventricle and houses the pineal body, an endocrine gland.

    Blood-Brain Barrier

    • The blood-brain barrier is a selective barrier that allows certain substances to pass through while preventing others.
    • Water-soluble items that can pass through the barrier include water, glucose, and essential amino acids.
    • Items prevented from passing through the barrier include metabolic wastes, most drugs, nonessential amino acids, and potassium ions.

    Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra.
    • It provides a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain.
    • 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • PNS consists of nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.
    • A nerve is a bundle of neuron fibers.
    • Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue into fascicles.
    • Fascicles are bound together by epineurium.

    PNS: Classification of Nerves

    • Nerves are classified into mixed nerves, sensory (afferent) nerves, and motor (efferent) nerves.
    • Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor fibers.
    • Sensory (afferent) nerves carry impulses toward the CNS.
    • Motor (efferent) nerves carry impulses away from the CNS.

    PNS: Cranial Nerves

    • There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that mostly serve the head and neck.
    • Most cranial nerves are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only.
    • Cranial nerves are named according to their function or location.

    PNS: Spinal Nerves

    • There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord.
    • Each spinal nerve is formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord.
    • Spinal nerves are named according to the region from which they arise.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the classification of the nervous system, including structural and functional classification of the peripheral nervous system.

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