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Questions and Answers
The two types of cells in the NS are neurons and ______.
The two types of cells in the NS are neurons and ______.
supporting cells
The main function of the neuron is ______-processing.
The main function of the neuron is ______-processing.
information
Dendrites are tree branch-like structures that ______ messages.
Dendrites are tree branch-like structures that ______ messages.
receive
The long slender part of a neuron that carries messages is called the ______.
The long slender part of a neuron that carries messages is called the ______.
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Terminal buttons contain ______ that are essential for neuron communication.
Terminal buttons contain ______ that are essential for neuron communication.
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The ______ is the jellylike substance filling the inside of the neuron.
The ______ is the jellylike substance filling the inside of the neuron.
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Sensory neurons carry messages from sense receptors to the brain or ______.
Sensory neurons carry messages from sense receptors to the brain or ______.
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Multipolar neurons give rise to one axon and many ______ trees.
Multipolar neurons give rise to one axon and many ______ trees.
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Astrocytes provide ______ support and nutrients to neurons.
Astrocytes provide ______ support and nutrients to neurons.
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Microglia protect neurons from harmful ______.
Microglia protect neurons from harmful ______.
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Oligodendroglia provide a ______ sheath in the central nervous system.
Oligodendroglia provide a ______ sheath in the central nervous system.
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Schwann Cells are responsible for myelin sheath formation in the ______.
Schwann Cells are responsible for myelin sheath formation in the ______.
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Neurons possess a selectively permeable ______ that regulates the flow of ions.
Neurons possess a selectively permeable ______ that regulates the flow of ions.
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During resting conditions, the membrane is permeable to ______ ions.
During resting conditions, the membrane is permeable to ______ ions.
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The difference in ion concentration across the cell membrane creates an electrical ______.
The difference in ion concentration across the cell membrane creates an electrical ______.
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The semipermeable barrier between blood and brain is known as the ______.
The semipermeable barrier between blood and brain is known as the ______.
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Nicotine increases the release of ______.
Nicotine increases the release of ______.
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Curare blocks the receptor sites of ______.
Curare blocks the receptor sites of ______.
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Botulin is a poison that blocks the release of ______.
Botulin is a poison that blocks the release of ______.
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L‐dopa converts into ______ in the brain.
L‐dopa converts into ______ in the brain.
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Amphetamines increase ______ and norepinephrine.
Amphetamines increase ______ and norepinephrine.
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MDMA, or ecstasy, destroys ______ nerve cells in animals.
MDMA, or ecstasy, destroys ______ nerve cells in animals.
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Opiates increase the production of ______.
Opiates increase the production of ______.
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Caffeine reduces the ability of the brain to produce ______.
Caffeine reduces the ability of the brain to produce ______.
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Electrostatic force pushes K+ in sodium‐potassium pumps, exchanging Na+ for ______, pushing three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions they push in.
Electrostatic force pushes K+ in sodium‐potassium pumps, exchanging Na+ for ______, pushing three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions they push in.
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The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around ______ mV.
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around ______ mV.
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During an action potential, Na+ channels open and ______ diffuses in, causing the polarity to briefly reverse.
During an action potential, Na+ channels open and ______ diffuses in, causing the polarity to briefly reverse.
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After the Na+ channels close, K+ channels open and ______ diffuses out, aiding in the repolarization of the neuron.
After the Na+ channels close, K+ channels open and ______ diffuses out, aiding in the repolarization of the neuron.
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The threshold of ______ is the membrane potential that must be reached to initiate an action potential.
The threshold of ______ is the membrane potential that must be reached to initiate an action potential.
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While the membrane potential reduces during depolarization, it approaches ______ mV.
While the membrane potential reduces during depolarization, it approaches ______ mV.
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Once all channels are closed, the Na-K pump moves Na+ back ______ and K+ back in.
Once all channels are closed, the Na-K pump moves Na+ back ______ and K+ back in.
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A voltage‐dependent ion channel opens or closes according to the value of the ______ potential.
A voltage‐dependent ion channel opens or closes according to the value of the ______ potential.
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The axon terminal contains synaptic vesicles that contain ______.
The axon terminal contains synaptic vesicles that contain ______.
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A ______ synapse occurs when the postsynaptic membrane is a dendrite.
A ______ synapse occurs when the postsynaptic membrane is a dendrite.
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The major sequence of events at the synapse begins with the neuron synthesizing ______.
The major sequence of events at the synapse begins with the neuron synthesizing ______.
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An action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the ______.
An action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the ______.
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Most ionotropic effects rely on ______ or GABA.
Most ionotropic effects rely on ______ or GABA.
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The postsynaptic cell may send ______ feedback to slow neurotransmitter release.
The postsynaptic cell may send ______ feedback to slow neurotransmitter release.
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a ______ potential that decays over time and space.
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a ______ potential that decays over time and space.
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Metabotropic receptors initiate a sequence of slower and ______ lasting metabolic reactions.
Metabotropic receptors initiate a sequence of slower and ______ lasting metabolic reactions.
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One factor associated with Parkinson’s disease is degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce ______.
One factor associated with Parkinson’s disease is degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce ______.
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Dopamine is involved in attention, learning, memory, and emotional ______.
Dopamine is involved in attention, learning, memory, and emotional ______.
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Excessive levels of dopamine can lead to schizophrenia-like symptoms such as hallucinations and ______.
Excessive levels of dopamine can lead to schizophrenia-like symptoms such as hallucinations and ______.
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Serotonin is involved in mood, sexual behavior, and pain ______.
Serotonin is involved in mood, sexual behavior, and pain ______.
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A factor associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression is ______.
A factor associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression is ______.
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Endorphins are involved in sexuality, pregnancy, labor, and positive ______ associated with aerobic exercise.
Endorphins are involved in sexuality, pregnancy, labor, and positive ______ associated with aerobic exercise.
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Anxiety and mood disorders can also be associated with ______.
Anxiety and mood disorders can also be associated with ______.
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The brain's natural opiates, such as endorphins, help regulate ______ perception.
The brain's natural opiates, such as endorphins, help regulate ______ perception.
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Muscle rigidity is a symptom associated with ______-like symptoms.
Muscle rigidity is a symptom associated with ______-like symptoms.
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Body experiences pain may indicate that the body is not giving adequate warning about ______.
Body experiences pain may indicate that the body is not giving adequate warning about ______.
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Study Notes
Nervous System Cells
- Two main cell types in the nervous system:
- Neurons: Information-processing and transmitting cells
- Supporting cells: Also called glial cells; support and nourish neurons
Neuron Structure
- Soma (cell body): Contains the nucleus and other organelles
- Dendrites: Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons
- Axon: Long, slender projection that transmits messages to other neurons
- Terminal buttons: Small knobs at the end of the axon that release neurotransmitters
Neuron Types (Functional)
- Sensory neurons: Transmit messages from sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord
- Motor neurons: Transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and organs
- Interneurons: Transmit information between sensory neurons and motor neurons; found in the central nervous system (CNS)
Neuron Types (Structural)
- Unipolar neurons: Have one axon attached to the soma that divides into receiving and sending parts
- Bipolar neurons: Give rise to one axon and one dendritic tree, at opposite ends of the soma
Supporting Cells (Glial Cells/Neuroglia)
- Astrocytes: Physical support, nutrient provision, cleaning up brain debris
- Microglia: Protect from harmful microorganisms
- Oligodendroglia: Provide myelin sheath in the CNS
- Schwann cells: Provide myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Satellite cells: Physical support in the PNS
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
- A semipermeable barrier between blood and brain tissues; formed by cells in the walls of brain capillaries
- Protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood
Neural Communication
Activity Within a Neuron
- Neurons act as tiny batteries; electric signals arise from ion movement across the membrane
- Charged molecules (ions) are found in both intracellular and extracellular fluid, but in different concentrations
Synaptic Communication
- The gap between neurons; filled with extracellular fluid
- Presynaptic cell: Sends the message
- Postsynaptic cell: Receives the message
- Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft and attach to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
Types of Receptors
- Ionotropic receptors: Neurotransmitters attach, immediately opening channels
- Usually fast and short-lived
- Metabotropic receptors: Neurotransmitters attach, initiating a sequence of slower and longer-lasting metabolic reactions
Neural Integration
- Spatial summation: Synaptic input from multiple locations can combine to trigger a nerve impulse
- Temporal summation: Repeated stimuli from one location can combine to trigger a nerve impulse
Drug Effects on Synapses
- Drugs can affect the synthesis, storage, release, or reuptake of neurotransmitters
- Drug action can be agonist (mimics a neurotransmitter) or antagonist (blocks a neurotransmitter)
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Description
Explore the essential components of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the different types of neurons, their structures, and their functions in transmitting information. Test your knowledge on neuron types and the role of supporting cells.
