Introduction to Neurons and Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of a neuron in the nervous system?

  • To generate electrical impulses and transmit signals (correct)
  • To support and protect other cells
  • To transport nutrients throughout the nervous system
  • To produce energy for other cell types

Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals?

  • Dendrites (correct)
  • Axon terminal
  • Axon
  • Myelin sheath

The axon terminal is essential for what function in neurons?

  • Focusing incoming signals
  • Generating electrical signals
  • Releasing neurotransmitters (correct)
  • Enhancing the metabolic activity

What is the role of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

<p>To insulate axons and increase signal transmission speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell forms the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Schwann cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the generation of electrical signals in most neurons?

<p>Axon hillock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neurons integrate information from other neurons?

<p>By summing the inputs they receive from thousands of neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the neuron is primarily responsible for energy production and metabolic support?

<p>Cell body (Soma) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures house the Central Nervous System?

<p>Bony structures: skull &amp; vertebral column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

<p>Peripheral Nervous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses from the periphery to the CNS?

<p>Afferent (sensory) neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary functions of the body?

<p>Somatic Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route do motor (efferent) pathways primarily take?

<p>From the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sensory neurons?

<p>Influence the contraction of skeletal muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve fibers are part of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Both sensory and motor neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of efferent neurons?

<p>Transmit information from the CNS to effectors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about interneurons is correct?

<p>Interneurons can modulate the type of output from sensory neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the structure of a neuron that has an unusual shape?

<p>Has a single axon that significantly branches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most of the axons of efferent neurons located?

<p>Predominantly in the PNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the signal when an excitatory input is processed by an interneuron?

<p>The excitatory input can become inhibitory or no output. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does the myelin sheath serve for axons?

<p>Insulates axons and prevents cross-stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons?

<p>To serve as unmyelinated gaps that facilitate rapid impulse transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

<p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in their role in myelination?

<p>Oligodendrocytes can serve multiple axons at once (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true concerning microglia?

<p>They act as scavenger cells that clean up debris during injury. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the myelin sheath?

<p>Lipid-rich membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do astrocytes serve in the central nervous system?

<p>Regulate extracellular fluid composition and sustain neurons metabolically (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates unmyelinated axons from myelinated axons?

<p>Unmyelinated axons have Schwann cells but no multiple membrane wrappings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neurons

Fundamental units of the nervous system that generate and transmit electrical signals.

Glial cells

Support cells that surround and support neurons physically and metabolically.

Cell body (soma)

The part of the neuron containing the nucleus and other vital organelles.

Dendrites

Branched structures that receive input from other neurons.

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Axon

A long, slender fiber that transmits signals away from the cell body.

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Axon hillock

The junction between the axon and cell body, where electrical signals are generated.

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Axon terminal

The end of the axon branches, responsible for releasing neurotransmitters.

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Myelin sheath

A protective sheath that insulates axons, enabling rapid signal conduction.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for rapid signal conduction.

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Schwann cells

Cells that produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

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Oligodendrocytes

Cells that produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system.

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Astrocytes

The type of glial cell that regulates extracellular fluid, contributes to the blood-brain barrier, and provides metabolic support to neurons.

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Microglia

The type of glial cell that acts as scavenger cells, removing cellular debris and mediating inflammatory responses.

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Central nervous system (CNS)

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The part of the nervous system consisting of nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body.

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Cranial nerves

Nerves that originate from the brain.

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Spinal nerves

Nerves that originate from the spinal cord.

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Afferent (sensory) neurons

Neurons that convey information from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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Efferent (motor) neurons

Neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to effectors.

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Interneurons

Neurons located entirely within the CNS, connecting sensory and motor neurons.

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Neural integration

The process by which neurons integrate multiple inputs to determine their output.

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Synapse

A synapse that allows signals to be transmitted from one neuron to another.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.

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Neurotransmitter release

The process by which neurons release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

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Neurotransmitter binding

The process by which neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

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Neurotransmitter reuptake

The process by which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft.

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Resting membrane potential

The resting potential of a neuron, typically around -70 mV.

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Action potential

A brief, rapid, and reversible change in the membrane potential of a neuron.

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Threshold potential

The threshold potential that must be reached to trigger an action potential.

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Refractory period

The period of time during which a neuron cannot generate another action potential.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • The nervous system is formed from two type of cells: neurons and glial cells.
  • Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, responsible for generating and transmitting electrical signals throughout the body.
  • Neurons function as integrators: their output is determined by the combined input received from numerous other neurons.

Neuron Structure

  • Neurons exhibit a diverse range of shapes and sizes, but they share common features.
  • Each neuron possesses a cell body, dendrites, an axon, and an axon terminal.
  • The cell body (soma) contains the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other essential organelles.
  • Dendrites are branched structures that receive input from other neurons and convey signals towards the cell body.
  • The axon, or nerve fiber, transmits signals away from the cell body.
  • The axon hillock, located at the junction of the axon and cell body, acts as the trigger zone for electrical signal generation.
  • The axon terminal, at the end of axon branches, is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters, which communicate with the next neuron or target cell.

Myelin Sheath

  • Most neurons are coated by a protective myelin sheath.
  • The myelin sheath insulates axons, preventing cross-stimulation between adjacent axons.
  • It enables rapid conduction of nerve impulses, facilitating "jumping" of signals from one node of Ranvier to the next.
  • The myelin sheath is formed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Schwann cells wrap tightly around axons, forming layers of plasma membrane.
  • Each Schwann cell covers a segment of the axon, separated by unmyelinated gaps called nodes of Ranvier.
  • Oligodendrocytes, unlike Schwann cells, can myelinate multiple axons.

Glial Cells

  • Glial cells, also known as supporting cells, surround and support neurons physically and metabolically.
  • They constitute a majority of the cells in the central nervous system.
  • Three major types of glial cells exist:
    • Astrocytes: regulate extracellular fluid composition, contribute to the blood-brain barrier, and provide metabolic support to neurons.
    • Microglia: act as scavenger cells, removing cellular debris and mediating inflammatory responses.
    • Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths in the CNS.

Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System

  • The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by bony structures: the skull and vertebral column.
  • The PNS consists of nerves that extend between the CNS and other parts of the body, including muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.
  • The PNS is further divided into cranial nerves, which originate from the brain, and spinal nerves, which originate from the spinal cord.

Functional Organization of the Nervous System

  • Functionally, neurons are categorized into three main types:
    • Afferent (sensory) neurons: convey information from sensory receptors to the CNS.
    • Efferent (motor) neurons: transmit signals from the CNS to effectors, such as muscles and glands.
    • Interneurons: located entirely within the CNS, they connect sensory and motor neurons, acting as neuronal bridges, and can modify signal strength or type.

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Description

Explore the fundamental structures and functions of neurons in the nervous system. This quiz covers neuron types, their anatomy, and how they integrate signals from other neurons. Test your understanding of the key components that make up the nervous system.

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