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Questions and Answers
What are the two major control systems of the human body?
What are the two major control systems of the human body?
What are the two main divisions of the Nervous system?
What are the two main divisions of the Nervous system?
Which of these structures is NOT part of the brain stem?
Which of these structures is NOT part of the brain stem?
Which type of nerve carries sensory information from the body to the CNS?
Which type of nerve carries sensory information from the body to the CNS?
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What is the main function of the spinal cord circuit?
What is the main function of the spinal cord circuit?
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The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary actions.
The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary actions.
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What is the term for a specialized structure that senses changes in the environment?
What is the term for a specialized structure that senses changes in the environment?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of sensory receptor?
Which of the following is NOT a type of sensory receptor?
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What is the process of converting a physical stimulus into a signal that can be interpreted by the nervous system?
What is the process of converting a physical stimulus into a signal that can be interpreted by the nervous system?
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Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration?
Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration?
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Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting changes in temperature?
Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting changes in temperature?
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Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting pain?
Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting pain?
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Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting changes in the chemical composition of blood?
Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting changes in the chemical composition of blood?
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Receptor potential is a type of graded potential.
Receptor potential is a type of graded potential.
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What happens when receptor potential is strong enough?
What happens when receptor potential is strong enough?
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What is the term for the ability of receptors to respond specifically to a certain type of stimulus?
What is the term for the ability of receptors to respond specifically to a certain type of stimulus?
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Adaptation refers to the process where receptors become less sensitive to continuous stimulation.
Adaptation refers to the process where receptors become less sensitive to continuous stimulation.
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Which type of receptors adapt rapidly, ceasing to send signals even when the stimulus is still present?
Which type of receptors adapt rapidly, ceasing to send signals even when the stimulus is still present?
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Which type of receptors adapt completely but at a slower rate compared to rapidly adapting receptors?
Which type of receptors adapt completely but at a slower rate compared to rapidly adapting receptors?
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Which type of receptors are responsible for pain sensations and never adapt?
Which type of receptors are responsible for pain sensations and never adapt?
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What are the two main types of sensory pathways that carry information from the spinal cord to the brain?
What are the two main types of sensory pathways that carry information from the spinal cord to the brain?
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Which of the following sensations is NOT carried by the spinothalamic tracts?
Which of the following sensations is NOT carried by the spinothalamic tracts?
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Which of the following sensations is NOT carried by the Dorsal column?
Which of the following sensations is NOT carried by the Dorsal column?
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What is the term for the map of the body's sensory representation in the brain?
What is the term for the map of the body's sensory representation in the brain?
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The body is represented in the sensory homunculus in a proportional manner based on its size.
The body is represented in the sensory homunculus in a proportional manner based on its size.
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The sensory cortex is located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
The sensory cortex is located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
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What is the term for the ability to recognize objects by touching them without looking at them?
What is the term for the ability to recognize objects by touching them without looking at them?
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What is the term for the smallest distance between two stimuli that can be distinguished as separate?
What is the term for the smallest distance between two stimuli that can be distinguished as separate?
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The ability of the nervous system to distinguish between different types of sensations, even though they are all transmitted as action potentials, is known as coding.
The ability of the nervous system to distinguish between different types of sensations, even though they are all transmitted as action potentials, is known as coding.
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Which of the following is NOT a factor involved in the discrimination of modality (type) of sensations?
Which of the following is NOT a factor involved in the discrimination of modality (type) of sensations?
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The law of projection is a principle explaining why pain is felt in the missing limb even after amputation, known as phantom limb pain.
The law of projection is a principle explaining why pain is felt in the missing limb even after amputation, known as phantom limb pain.
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Which of the following is NOT a factor involved in the discrimination of intensity of sensation?
Which of the following is NOT a factor involved in the discrimination of intensity of sensation?
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Study Notes
Neuro-Physiology Lecture Notes
- Neuro-physiology is the study of the nervous system's function.
- The nervous system is a control system and the endocrine system is a slow control system
- The nervous system (anatomical divisions):
- Central nervous system (CNS): Lies inside bony cavities
- Brain: Lies inside the skull
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem includes
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata
- Spinal cord: Lies inside the vertebral column
- Brain: Lies inside the skull
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Lies outside bony cavities
- Cranial nerves: 12 pairs; arise from brain & brain stem
- Spinal nerves: 31 pairs; one from each spinal cord segment
- Central nervous system (CNS): Lies inside bony cavities
Peripheral Nerves Types
- Sensory (afferent): Carry sensory information to the CNS via the posterior horn.
- Motor (efferent): Carry motor signals from the anterior (ventral) horn.
Somatic Vs Autonomic
- The text does not elaborate on the differences.
Reflex Arc Components
- Receptor: Specialized structure sensitive to environmental changes.
- Afferent neuron: Carries sensory signals to the CNS.
- Center: Located in the CNS.
- Efferent neuron: Carries signals to the effector organ.
- Effector organ: Structure that produces the response to a stimulus.
The Sensory System
- Part of the nervous system concerned with awareness of the internal & external environment.
- Consists of:
- Sensory receptors
- Neural pathways for information transmission to the brain
- Sensory cortex for receiving, processing, and storing sensory information.
Sensory Pathway
- Stimulus → Sensory receptor → Afferent sensory neurons → CNS → Integration/Perception
Sensory Receptors
- Specialized structures located at the beginning of sensory nerves.
- Highly sensitive to changes in the internal or external environment.
- Act as detectors & transducers.
Functions of Receptors
- Act as detectors and transducers transforming stimuli into nerve impulses.
Receptor Types
- Mechanoreceptors: Stimulated by mechanical compression or stretch (e.g., touch, pressure, stretch, baroreceptors).
- Thermoreceptors: Stimulated by changes in temperature (e.g., hot, cold receptors).
- Pain receptors: Respond to stimuli that cause tissue damage (e.g., noxious stimuli).
- Chemoreceptors: Respond to chemical stimuli (e.g., taste, smell, internal chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies detect CO2, O2, and H+ levels in blood).
- Electromagnetic receptors: Respond to electromagnetic waves, like light (e.g., retinal receptors).
Mechanism of Receptor Action
- Adequate stimulus applied to receptor.
- Leads to opening/closing ion channels.
- Causes local depolarization (receptor potential).
- Sufficient receptor potential generates an action potential.
- Action potential propagated through sensory nerve.
Properties of Receptor Potential
- Graded potential (strength proportional to stimulus intensity).
- Short duration (no refractory period).
- Can be summated.
Receptor Potential vs. Action Potential
- Receptor potential is a local, graded response.
- Action potential is a rapid, all-or-none response that propagates along the neuron.
Receptor Properties
- Specificity: Each receptor highly sensitive to a specific stimulus type (adequate stimulus).
- Adaptation: Gradual decrease in receptor response to a sustained stimulus, categorized as rapidly or slowly adapting and non-adapting.
Mechanism of Adaptation
- Changes in receptor sensitivity
- Due to factors like channel closure or changes in membrane excitability.
Skin Receptors
- Different types (Merkel's disks, free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini endings).
- Located in the skin, specializing in detecting touch, pressure, and temperature.
Ascending Tracts
- Spinothalamic tracts, Dorsal column
- Convey sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
- Different tracts carry different sensory modalities.
Somatic Sensory Cortex
- Located in the parietal lobe, receiving sensory information from the thalamus
- Includes somatic sensory areas I & II
- The areas and intensity of sensation are dependent on the number and rate of stimulated receptors
- The areas of representation in the sensory cortex is proportionate to the number of receptors in that area
Coding of sensory information
- The nervous system has the ability to differentiate between different sensory modalities, locations, and intensities.
Specific Characteristics of Sensory Information
- Discriminate sensory modality.
- Discrimination of Sensation site.
- Discrimination of Sensation intensity.
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Description
This quiz covers key aspects of neuro-physiology, including the structure and division of the nervous system. It distinguishes between central and peripheral systems, sensory and motor nerves, and the differences between somatic and autonomic functions. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in neuroscience.
