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Basic Organization of the Nervous System
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Basic Organization of the Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

What role does the myelin sheath play in nerve transmission?

  • It allows saltatory conduction of nerve impulses. (correct)
  • It generates nerve impulses.
  • It connects nerve cells in the central nervous system.
  • It serves as a site for synapsis between neurons.

    • What are the Nodes of Ranvier primarily responsible for?

  • Conducting action potentials continuously.
  • Allowing for jumping conduction of impulses. (correct)
  • Insulating nerve fibers.
  • Facilitating synaptic transmission.

    • In which part of the peripheral nervous system would you find ganglia?

  • Axon hillocks.
  • Tracts of axons.
  • Clusters of nerve cell bodies. (correct)
  • Myelinated nerve fibers.

    • Where do action potentials originate in a neuron?

    <p>At the axon hillock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about axons is correct?

    <p>They end in end bulbs that synapse with other neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are tracts in the CNS defined?

    <p>As bundles of axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the axon hillock?

    <p>It is the site where nerve impulses are generated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the myelin sheath in relation to nerve conduction?

    <p>It provides insulation and increases conduction velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the ulnar nerve?

    <p>It is a nerve found in the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Nissl bodies play in neurons?

    <p>They synthesize protein for cellular activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of saltatory conduction in nerve fibers?

    <p>It enhances the efficiency of nerve impulse transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the presence of centrioles in peripheral nervous system cells?

    <p>Centrioles are absent, making these cells incapable of division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Nissl substance when a neuron becomes fatigued or damaged?

    <p>It concentrates at the periphery of the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurotubules in peripheral nervous system cells?

    <p>To assist in cellular transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons affect their staining properties?

    <p>They stain basophically due to high RNA content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly indicates the structure of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>It is composed of single axon neurons and associated roots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary biosynthetic center in neurons?

    <p>Nissl substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Brainstem nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contains 6 layers in its cortex?

    <p>Cerebral Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly describes a location where neuronal cell bodies cluster?

    <p>Spinal Cord Gray Matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the subcortical region?

    <p>Cerebral Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapse occurs between an axon and a dendrite?

    <p>Axondendritic Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Act as relay stations for synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily associated with electrical transmission in neurons?

    <p>Electrical Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is found in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Substantia Nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse connects two axons?

    <p>Axoaxonic Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which structure would you find clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS?

    <p>Nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ganglia is involved in autonomic functions?

    <p>Autonomic Ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>To connect sensory inputs to motor outputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is responsible for integrating signals?

    <p>Soma/Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synaptic transmission is primarily involved in motor events?

    <p>Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the axon in a neuron?

    <p>It conducts action potentials away from the soma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the neuromuscular junction during synaptic transmission?

    <p>Motor neurons release neurotransmitters to contract muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the circuit involving interneurons?

    <p>It can integrate multiple sensory inputs into one motor output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of neurons is primarily involved in sensory functions?

    <p>Sensory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'axon' specifically refer to in neuronal communication?

    <p>The fiber that carries action potentials away from the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do microglial cells play in the central nervous system?

    <p>They serve as immune effector cells responding to inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of synaptic transmission, which statement is true regarding the posterior and anterior horns of the spinal cord?

    <p>Interneurons connect inputs between both posterior and anterior horns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best fits the function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>They receive and process incoming signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the behavior of microglial cells in response to CNS lesions?

    <p>They proliferate and become antigen-presenting cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes microglial cells from other glial cell types?

    <p>They are involved in phagocytosis of debris and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Schwann cells is true?

    <p>They help in the formation of myelin in the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microglial cells respond during inflammatory disease of the CNS?

    <p>They retract their processes and migrate towards the site of inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with microglial cells?

    <p>Electrical insulation of axon terminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Organization of the Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, integrating sensory and motor functions.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all cranial and spinal nerves, roots, and ganglia.
    • Myelin sheath provides insulation for nerves, enhancing signal transmission.
    • Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between myelin sheaths crucial for saltatory conduction.

    Neuron Structure and Function

    • Neurons are characterized by a single axon, which generates action potentials away from the soma (cell body).
    • The axon hillock acts as the initial segment for nerve impulse generation and lacks ribosomes.
    • Nissl bodies composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes are vital for protein synthesis, essential for neuron maintenance and activity.
    • Fatigue or neuronal damage leads to the redistribution of Nissl substance to the cytoplasm periphery.

    Neuronal Bodies and Dendrite Locations

    • Nerve cell bodies and dendrites are found in:
      • Cerebral Cortex, with six layers.
      • Inner Gray of Spinal Cord, in dorsal and ventral horns.
      • Clusters such as CNS nuclei (Basal Ganglia, Thalamus) and PNS ganglia (Dorsal Root, Terminal Ganglia).

    Synapses and Chemical Transmission

    • Synaptic transmission primarily occurs through axodendritic connections.
    • Types of synapses include:
      • Axodendritic Synapse: between axon and dendrite.
      • Axomatic Synapse: between axon and soma.
      • Axoaxonic Synapse: between two axon terminals.

    Neuronal Signaling and Transmission

    • Electrical transmission involves ionic changes, leading to activation events like muscle contraction from the motor cortex.
    • Interneurons connect sensory and motor pathways, facilitating spinal reflexes and creating neuronal circuits.

    Microglial Cells

    • Microglial cells act as the "policemen" of the nervous system, serving as immune effector cells.
    • They are the smallest glial cells, characterized by ovoid shapes and spines, and play a role in the inflammatory response.
    • Function as phagocytes, clearing neuronal debris and protecting against viruses.
    • In response to inflammation, microglial cells proliferate and present antigens, aiding in immune defense.

    Schwann Cells in the PNS

    • Schwann cells, also known as lemmocytes, are similar to oligodendrocytes in the CNS and are critical for myelination in the PNS.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of the nervous system, including the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Learn about neurons, their components including axons, Nissl bodies, and the significance of myelin sheath in signal transmission. This quiz will test your understanding of the basic organization and functionality of neural structures.

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