Nephrology Differential Diagnosis and Treatment

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Small, hyperechoic kidneys with indistinct cortical and medullary differentiation (correct)
Enlarged kidney size
Hypoechoic cortical structure
Presence of renal cysts

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Personal history is a key indicator.
Timeline is crucial: elevated creatinine for over three months points to chronic kidney disease.
Ultrasound findings for chronic kidneys: small, hyperechogenic, indistinct cortex and medulla, and lack of parenchyma.
Anemia is common, usually normocytic and normochromic due to lack of erythropoietin.
Hypocalcemia can occur due to vitamin D deficiency.

Fluid therapy is essential.
Intravenous or oral fluids should be administered depending on severity.
Early and correct treatment can often reverse lesions and restore normal renal function within 24-48 hours.
Monitoring crucial vital signs during fluid administration:
- Blood pressure
- Heart rate
- Oxygen saturation (to prevent congestion and pulmonary edema)
- Pulmonary auscultation (for crackles)
- Urine output
- Weight